اسئلة العام الماضي
the orgin of the word translation is the Latin word
the orgin of the word translation "translates"
the dictionary meaning of the English verb" to translate" is to express or be capable of being expressed in another language or dialect.
one looks at it is an art especially when the scholars of the last century where preoccupied with translation of the literary text as a pass time
what is a good translation?
" that in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be as distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt, by a native of the country to which that language belongs . as it is by those who speak the language of the original work".
model of communication is a model of translation.
It is the re-encoding process which marks the bilingual translator off from the monolingual communicator.
q Memory : contains ‘records’ of past experiences, has plans for action on the basis of what we know
and what we have done.
Translators must be good at storing experiences in memory, and atretrieving those experiences whenever needed to solve complextranslation problems.
Grammaticalcompetence:
knowledge of the rules of the code, including vocabulary and word formation, pronunciation/spelling and sentence structure.
What are the primary characteristics of a good translator ??
Reliability - Timeliness- Ethics - Speed - Memory - ProfessionalPride:
The English word theory was derived from a technical term in
Ancient Greek philosophy
*In modern science the term "theory", or "scientific theory" is generally understood to refer to a proposed ‘explanation’ of empirical phenomena’
Theory.It exists in the mind.
It must be Empiricism 1-It must be testable.
It must be Determine 2-It must be able to predict
It must be Parsimony 3-It must be simple
It must be Generality 4-It must be comprehensive
The six elements of translation
1- The Source Language
2-The Source Text
3-The Translator
4-The Translated Text
5-The Language of Translation
6-The Target Language
The Source Language (SL)
which the text to be translated belongs.
Process of Translation
complex cognitive operation which takes place in the mind of the translator.
Word-for-word translation
interlinear translation
1- Literal translation
The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context
1- Semantic Translation
Faithfull translation is uncompromising and dogmatic while Semantic translation is more flexible
Adaptation
plays(comedies), poetry stories, where the themes
1- Free Translation
paraphrase much longer than the original.
1- Idiomatic Translation
affixed figurative expression
1- Communicative Translation
render the exact contextual meaning of the original
Only semantic and communicative translation fulfil the two main aims of translation, which are first accuracy and second economy.
Culture is ‘the way of life
1. Ecology : flora, fauna, winds, plains, hills; ‘honeysuckles’, ‘downs’, ‘plateau’
2.
Material culture: (artefacts) (food, clothes, houses and towns, transport
Islam almost looks at Learning a foreign language as a religious duty
· Muhammad, The Prophet of Islam, (PBBUH) sent a message to Hercules, a Roman military leader at that time, written on a piece of animal skin.
·
Works on philosophy, medicine, engineering, music and logic were translated from Greek into Arabic
while works on astronomy, art, law, history and music were translated from
Persian into Arabic.
Yūĥanna bin Batriq’s method, the literal way
Ĥunayn bin Isĥaq’s method –the free way
· Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Egypt in 1789, he brought along with him translators and interpreters to help him communicate with Egyptians with regard to political, social and administrative affairs.
·
Translation took the form of an independent movement & thrived as Mohammad Ali was very interested in learning about European civilization
it would be no exaggeration to call Muhammad Ali’s time
“The Period of translation
· When Arab learning declined, Toledo in Spain replaced Baghdad and started to attract the attention of Western translators.
·
As the works held in Toledo were in Arabic, and of a Greek origin
Interpretation was used before translation as a means of communication between people of different languages.
[IMG]file:///C:/Users/seven/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif[/IMG] Mechanical aids:
This involves the use of type-writers, dictating machines, photocopying machines, etc.
It was born during World War 1 & held in French.
[IMG]file:///C:/Users/seven/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif[/IMG] Other forms of interpreting include:
* Business Interpreting,* Court Interpreting, * Community Interpreting
*Signed Language Interpreting.
1. The focus in interpretation is generally on ideas.
What is Translation Memory Technology TM
q TM allows the translator to store translations in a database and ‘recycle’ them in a new translation by automatically retrieving matched segments (usually sentences) for re-use.
q The word is “the smallest unit of language that can be used by itself.”
1- Idioms and fixed expressions
q are frozen patterns of language which allow little or no variation in form and in case of idioms, often carry meanings which cannot be deduced from their individual components:
q Grammar is organised along two main dimensions
morphology and syntax:
1- Morphology
covers the structure of words, the way in which the form of a word changes to indicate specific contrast in grammatical system:
2- Syntax
covers the grammatical structure of groups, clauses and sentences:
the linear sequences of such classes of words, such as nouns, verbs, adverbs and adjectives, and functional elements such as subject, predicator and object which are allowed in a given language.
- The form of the verb in such languages indicates two main types of information: time relations and aspectual differences.
q AlJundi (1982) makes a distinction between culture and civilisation: “the former involves beliefs, customs, traditions, laws, value-systems, etc. Whereas the latter generally involves progress and development at the level of scientific inventions, technology, industries, education, etc.”