The origin of the word „translation‟ is the Latin word „translatus‟ which means „transferred‟.
The dictionary meaning of the English verb „to translate‟ is „ to express or be capable of being expressed in another language or dialect
According to Bell, a good translation is “that in
which the merit of the original work is so completely
transfused into another language, as to be as
distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt, by a
native of the country to which that language
belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of
the original work.”
we can say that any model of communication is a model of translation
• It is the re-encoding process which marks the bilingual translator off from the monolingual communicator.
Memory : contains „records‟ of past experiences, has plans for action on the basis of what we know
Target Language knowledge (TL)
Text-Type knowledge
Source Language knowledge (SL)
Subject-area knowledge
And contrastive knowledge
Grammatical competence: knowledge of the rules of the code, including vocabulary and word formation, pronunciation/spelling and sentence structure
What are the primary characteristics of a good translator? تعداد فقط
theory was derived from a technical term in Ancient Greek philosophy
In modern science the term "theory", or "scientific theory" is generally understood to refer to a proposed „explanation‟ of empirical phenomena
Theory.
It exists in the mind.
1. Empiricism It must be testable.
2. Determinism It must be able to predict
3. Parsimony It must be simple
4. Generality It must be comprehensive
The six elements of translation
1- The Source Language
2- The Source Text
3- The Translator
4- The Translated Text
5- The Language of Translation
6- The Target Language
The Source Language (SL)
It is the language to which the text to be translated belongs.
The Language of Translation
It is an abstraction obtained via the study of translated texts.
What is the Process of Translation
It is a complex cognitive operation which takes place in the mind of the translator.
Source Language Emphasis
Word-for-word translation
Literal Translation
Faithful Translation
Semantic Translation
Target Language Emphasis
Adaptation
Free Translation
Idiomatic Translation
Communicative Translation
Literal translation
- The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context.
حاول تفهم انواع الترجمة فهم فهم وفرق بينهم عشان تثبت المعلومة
Adaptation
- This is the „freest‟ form of translation.
- It is used mainly for plays(comedies), poetry stories, where the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved.
Free Translation
It is usually a paraphrase much longer than the original.
two main aims of translation,
which are first accuracy and second economy
هذي الاسئلة الى المحاضرة 7