بعض الفقرات المهمه في المحاضرتين 11 و12 للي ماوصلوا لها للحين
1-........at word level means that the target language has no direct equivalent for aword which occurs in the source text
-Non equivalence
2-the type and level of difficulty in translation at this level depends on the nature of non-equivalence.this level is(word level)
أنواع ال word level نوعين
1-abstract(speaker house of common)
2-concert(airing cupboard)
-Translation problems above word level include lexical patterning which can be divided into (collocation)-(idioms and fixed expression)
تعريف ال collocation(is a sequence of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance .it is the tendecy of certain words )
تعريف ال idioms and fixed expression
(are frozen patterns of language which allow little or no form and in case of idioms,often carry meanings which cannoot be deduced from thier indivdual components)
ملاحظة ترى مو ضروري تحفظون التعاريف كامله ركزوا على كلمة تذكركم بالتعريف مثلا collocation تذكروا كلمة a sequence of words وتعريف idioms and fixed expression كلمة frozen patterns
جملة as a matter of fact تدل على Fixed expression
وجملة bury the hatchet تدل على Idioms
-Morphology covers: the structure of words the way in wich the form of aword changes to indicate specific contrast gramatecal system
عشان تفرقون بين تعريف ال Morphology و syntax
اربطو ال Morphology ب structure of words
وsyntax ب grammatical structure
-the major of difficulties translators
1-number
2-gender
3-person,tense and aspect
-the difficulty that translators encounter and is involved with the issue of passive and active,is
=(voice problem)
تعريف word order
( is extremely important in translation because it plays amajor role in maintaining a coherent point of view and orientating message at text level