Grammar: the rules that say how words are
combined, arranged and changed to show
different meanings.
Sentence: group of words that expresses a
statement, question, command or exclamation.
Statement: a sentence which gives information.
( declarative )
Question: a sentence which asks for
information or makes a request. ( interrogative )
Command: a sentence which gives an order or
makes a suggestion. ( Imperative )
Exclamation: a sentence which is used to
express the speaker's feeling or attitude.
Verb: the central unit ( nucleus ) of an English
sentence.
Intransitive: verbs that require no objects.
Transitive: verbs that require objects.
Monotransitive: verbs that require only one
object
Ditransitive: verbs that require two objects.
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Direct object:
Indirect object: comes first followed by the
direct object.
Phrase: two or more words that function
together as a group.
Noun phrase: ( often abbreviated to NP)
convenient term for any of the following: noun –
nominal group.
Modifiers: add to, change or limit the meaning
of the head in a phrase.
Pronoun: type of pro-form, instead of using the
nominal group " the old man" we can use the
pronoun "he"
pro-form: forms used instead of other forms
personal pronouns:
subject pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
object pronouns: me, you, her, him, it us, them
Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, hers, his, its
ours, theirs.
Indefinite pronouns: everyone, someone,
something
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Pronominal group: we all, everyone in our class
Proper noun: the name of someone or
something that is usually imagined to be
unique.
Common noun: a name given either to an
example of a class or to the class as a whole.
Animate nouns: refer to a person or animal.
Inanimate nouns: refer to a place, thing or an
idea.
Count noun: can be preceded by "one" and may
have a plural form. Such as "friends" and "men"
Mass nouns: cannot be preceded by "one" and
do not have a plural form. Such as "bread" and
"milk"
Collective noun: is a singular word used to refer
to a group. "family" "team" "public"
Modifiers:
Pro-modifiers: are modifiers that come before
the head.
Post-modifiers: are modifiers that come after
the head.
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Determiners: are words which specify the range
of reference of a noun by making it definite or
by indicating quantity
Identifiers: tell us either definitely of indefinitely
which noun the speaker means. They include :
article – demonstratives – Possessive forms or
personal pronouns.
Quantifiers: tell us either definitely or
indefinitely the quantity of the noun.
Verb phrase: consists sometimes of a finite verb
only.
Simple verb: consists of one word. E.g. is, was,
walked, sat, did
Complex verb: consists of a verbal group. E.g.
have telephoned, were placed, did not like,
could see
Finite verbs: show tense, person and number.
Non-finite verbs: does not show tense, person
and number.
Form: is what the word/phrase/clause look like
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Function: is the job of the word/phrase/clause in
a sentence.
Complement: is a word/phrase/clause that
completes the meaning of another
word/phrase/clause. It is necessary for the
meaning to be complete.
Appositive: a noun phrase that describes the
same person or thing as another noun phrase
that came before it.
Adjunct: is a word/phrase/clause that provides
additional information about another
noun/phrase/clause.
Adverbial: is a group of words that does the
same job as an adverb.
Adjectives: are words which we use to describe
people, things, events… etc.
Adjective phrases: are composed of an
adjective which funtions as the head of the
phrase), a modifier ( mostly an adverb), and a
complement.
Gradable adjectives: are adjectives that express
a condition or quality of which there are
degrees.
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Adverb: is a word like 'here', and 'quickly' which
we can use to say where, when, and how
something happens. It can also express other
meanings like frequency, degree…. Etc.
Adverbial phrase: is a group of words that does
the same job of an adverb.
Simple sentences: have only one clause,
Conjunctions: are words like "and", "or" and
"but" which we use to connect grammatical
unites/elements in a sentence.
Coordination: can link two or more words of the
same word class.
Complex sentence: has two or more clauses
joined by a subordinating conjunction
Main clause: ( also known as an independent
clause ) is a clause that can stand alone as a
complete sentence.
Subordinate clause: ( also known as a
dependent clause ) is a clause that cannot stand
alone as a complete sentence.
That-clauses: begins with " that "
Wh-clauses: begins with a wh-question word,
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e.g. what, who.
Direct speech: is quoting the actual words
spoken by someone.
Indirect speech: is restating the words spoken
by someone.
Relative clause: is a clause which mainly
modifies a noun phrase. It usually begins with a
relative pronoun: who, whom, whose, which and
that.