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مميزة مستوى 7 E
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رد: تجمع النقد الأدبي | الاخـتبار :الأحد | | الفتره الأولى| 3- 4 -1438هـ |
اسئلة عيوش 
lecture 7 part1
what is The Russian Formalist Movement ?
A school of literary scholarship that originated and flourished in Russia
2) when did they flourish?
the second decade of the 20th century (1920’s)
3)when were they suppressed ?
in the 1930’s
4)who was it championed by ?
unorthodox philologists and literary historians
5) give examples of people who championed the Russian formalist movement ?
Boris Eichenbaum, Roman Jakobson, Viktor Shklovsky, Boris Tomashevsky, and Yuri Tynyanov
6) what were its centres?
the Moscow Linguistic Circle founded in 1915
the Petrograd Society for the Study of Poetic Language (Opoyaz) formed in 1916
7) what was Opoyaz?
Petrograd Society for the Study of Poetic Language
8)Their project were stated in what books?
Poetics: Studies in the Theory of Poetic Language (1919)
Modern Russian Poetry (1921)
9) who wrote Modern Russian Poetry?
Modern Russian Poetry
10)when did the Bolshevik Revolution happen?
1917
11)how did Russia view literature Prior to 1917 ?
it romanticized literature and viewed literature from a religious perspective
12) what happened After 1917?
literature began to be observed and analyzed
13) what did the formalist perspective encourage?
the study of literature from an objective and scientific lens
14)who labeled the Opoyaz group as the "formalist"
its opponents
15)what did the Opoyaz group prefer to be called ?
the "morphological" approach or “specifiers”
16) who ere the most Important Formalist Critics?
Viktor Shklovsky, Yuri Tynianov, Vladimir Propp, Boris Eichenbaum, Roman Jakobson, Boris Tomashevsky, Grigory Gukovsky
17) These names revolutionized literary criticism between when and when ?
between 1914 and the 1930s
18) how did they do that ?
by establishing the specificity and autonomy of poetic language and literature
19)Russian formalism exerted a major influence on thinkers like who?
Mikhail Bakhtin and Yuri Lotman
20)the formalist project had two objectives , what were they ?
The emphasis on the literary work and its component parts
The autonomy of literary scholarship
21) Formalism wanted to solve what ?
the methodological confusion which prevailed in traditional literary studies
22)what did they want to establish?
literary scholarship as a distinct and autonomous field of study
23) formalists were not interested in what ?
The psychology and biography of the author.
The religious, moral, or political value of literature.
The symbolism in literature.
Formalism strives to force literary or artwork to stand on its own
people (i.e., author, reader) are not important
the Formalists rejected traditional definitions of literature. They had a deep-seated distrust of psychology.
They rejected the theories that locate literary meaning in the poet rather than the poem – the theories that invoke a "faculty of mind" conducive to poetic creation.
They had little use for all the talk about "intuition," "imagination," "genius," and the like
24) in the subject of literature it was necessary to the formalists to do what ?
to narrow down the definition of literature
25) who said "The subject of literary scholarship is not literature in its totality but literariness (literaturnost'), i.e., that which makes of a given work a work of literature.” ?
Roman Jakobson
26) who said "The literary scholar ought to be concerned solely with the inquiry into the distinguishing features of the literary materials.” ?
Eichenbaum
27) Russian Formalists argued that Literature was what ?
a specialized mode of language
28) what did they purpose?
fundamental opposition between the literary (or poetic) use of language and the ordinary (practical) use of language
29)Ordinary language aims at what?
communicating a message by reference to the world outside the message
30)Literature was what ?
a specialized mode of language. It does not aim at communicating a message and its reference is not to the world but to itself.
31)Literariness, according to Jan Mukarovsky, consists in what ?
“the maximum of foregrounding of the utterance,”
32) what is “the maximum of foregrounding of the utterance”?
the foregrounding of “the act of expression, the act of speech itself.”
33) what does to foreground mean?
to bring into high prominence.
34) what is the result of backgrounding the referential aspect of language ?
poetry makes the words themselves palpable as phonic sounds
35) By foreground its linguistic medium the primary aim of literature is what ?
is to estrange or defamiliarize or make strange
36) who said is to estrange or defamiliarize or make strange ?
Victor Shklovsky
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lecture 7 part 2
1)Literature “makes strange” ordinary perception and ordinary language and invites the reader to do what ?
explore new forms of perceptions and sensations, and new ways of relating to language
2) where did Shklovsky's key terms, "making strange," "dis-automatization," receive wide currency ?
in the writings of the Russian Formalists.
3)who claimed that in poetry "the communicative function is reduced to a minimum.” ?
Jakobson
4) how did Shklovsky speak of poetry ?
as a "dance of articulatory organs.”
5)Formalism rejected the traditional dichotomy of what?
form vs. content
6)who said "cuts a work of art into two halves: a crude content and a superimposed, purely external form.” ?
Wellek and Warren
7)to the Formalist, verse is not merely a matter of external embellishment such as meter bur what ?
It is an integrated type of discourse, qualitatively different from prose, with a hierarchy of elements and internal laws of its own
8)plot/story is a Formalist concept that distinguishes between what?
The events the work relates (the story) from
the sequence in which those events are presented in the work (the plot).
9) Both concepts help describe what?
the significance of the form of a literary work in order to define its "literariness
10)what makes something art to begin with ?
form
11) what must you focus on in order to understand a work of art as a work of art ?
on its form
12) what was one of the most influential Formalist contributions to the theory of fiction ?
the study in comparative folklore
13)who studied fairy-tale stories and established character types and events associated with them
Propp
14) what did Propp call the events?
function
15)how many functions were there ?
31
16) Propp developed a theory of character and established how many?
7 broad character types
17) what were the 31 functions ?
1. Absentation: One of the members of a family absents himself from home (or is dead).
2. An interdiction is addressed to the hero.
3. [Violation The interdiction is violated.
4. Reconnaissance: The villain makes an attempt at reconnaissance.
5. Delivery: The villain receives information about his victim.
6. Trickery: The villain attempts to deceive his victim in order to take possession of him or his belongings.
7. Complicity: The victim submits to deception and thereby unwittingly helps his enemy.
8. Villainy or Lack: The villain causes harm or injury to a member of a family (“villainy) or one member of a family either lacks something or desires to have something (“lack”).
9. Mediation: Misfortune or lack is made known; the hero is approached with a request or a command; he is allowed to go or he is dis*****ed.
10: Counteraction: The seeker agrees or decides upon counteraction.
11. Departure: The hero leaves home
12. First Function of the Donor: The hero is tested, interrogated, attacked, etc., which prepares the way for his receiving either a magical agent or a helper.
13. Hero’s Reaction: The hero reacts to the actions of the future donor.
14. Receipts of Magical Agent: The hero acquires the use of a magical agent.
15. Guidance: The hero is transferred, delivered, or led to the whereabouts of
an object of search.
16. Struggle: The hero and the villain join in direct combat.
17. [Branding The hero is branded.
18. Victory: The villain is defeated.
19. Liquidation: The initial misfortune or lack is liquidated.
20. Return: The hero returns.
21. Pursuit: The hero is pursued.
22. Rescue: The rescue of the hero from pursuit.
23: Unrecognized Arrival: The hero, unrecognized, arrives home or in another country.
24. Unfounded Claims: A false hero presents unfounded claims.
25. Difficult Task: A difficult task is proposed to the hero.
26. Solution: The task is resolved.
27. Recognition: The hero is recognized.
28. Exposure: The false hero or villain is exposed.
29. Transfiguration: The hero is given a new appearance.
30. Punishment: The villain is punished.
31. Wedding: The hero is married and ascends the throne.
18) what were the 8 broad character types in the 100 tales Propp analyzed ?
1. The villain — struggles against the hero.
2. The dis*****er — character who makes the lack known and sends the hero off.
3. The (magical) helper — helps the hero in their quest.
4. The princess or prize — the hero deserves her throughout the story but is unable to marry her because of an unfair evil, usually because of the villain. The hero's journey is often ended when he marries the princess, thereby beating the villain
5. Her father — gives the task to the hero, identifies the false hero, marries the hero, often sought for during the narrative. Propp noted that functionally, the princess and the father cannot be clearly distinguished.
6. The donor — prepares the hero or gives the hero some magical object.
7. The hero or victim/seeker hero — reacts to the donor, weds the princess.
8. False hero — takes credit for the hero’s actions or tries to marry the princess
19) Formalist School was credited even by its adversaries, such as?
Russian critic Yefimov
20) Russian formalism gave rise to what school ?
the Prague school of structuralism
21) when?
in the mid-1920s
22) who did they provide a model for?
the literary wing of French structuralism in the 1960s and 1970s
23) All contemporary schools of criticism owe a debt to ?
Russian Formalism
النقد الادبي لayosha م7 part1
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11506
النقد الادبي لayosha م7 part2
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11504
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