المحاضرة الثالثة عشر
Co-operative Principle التعاون اثناء الحديث او مبدا التعاون فية اساسيات يجب الالتزام بها في المحادثة وهي
In a normal conversation, a speaker tries to:
1. Give relatively specific answers to questions.
2. Give new information that the hearer doesn't already know.
3. Give information that is relevant to the topic of conversation
4. Give information in a way that is easy to understand
5. Avoid ambiguity, or potentially misleading statement
تعريف
the Co-operative principle, the social rule which speakers try to follow in conversation.
The Co-operative principle can be stated simply as " be as helpful to your hearer as you can
Maxims of Grice الثوابت الي وضعته غرايس
1. Maxims of Quality : Truthfulness – do not say what you believe to be false.
الصدق يلتزم المتكلم بالصدق ومايقول شي وهو عارف انة خطاء
2. Maxims of Relation : Relevance – keep to the topic of the conversation.
الصلة يلتزم المتكلم بموضوع الحديث ولايخرج عن الموضوع
3. Maxims of Quantity: Informativeness – tell the hearer just what he needs to know, no more and no less.
لااقل ولااكثر يلتزم المتكلم بالشي الي يخص السؤال فقط بدون زيادة
4. Maxims of Manner : Clarity – speak in a way that the hearer will understand.
الوضوع التكلم بطريقة واضحه يفهمها السامع
في المحاضرة 14 فية امثلة تخص كل نوع من هذى الثوابت
Implicature المفهوم او الاستدلال من الكلام
تعريف
Implicature is a concept of utterance meaning ( as opposed to sentence meaning
Implicature is related to the method through which speakers understand the indirect illocutions of utterances
يعني نفهم او نستنتج معنى من الكلام وهو ماهو مكتوب او نفهمة ونستنتجة من كلام المتكلم
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