Gender Differences in Communication
All of us have different styles of communicating with other people. Our style depends on a lot of things: Where we are from, how and where we were raised, our educational background, and our age. It also can depend on our gender. generally speaking, men and women talk differently, although there are varying degrees of masculine and feminine speech characteristics in each of us. But women do speak in very particular ways that are associated with gender.
Some researchers describe the styles that men and women use to communicate as the "debate vs. relate," "report vs. rapport ," or competitive vs, cooperative" (with the first term in each pair describing men).In other words, men often seek direct solutions to problems and useful advice. whereas women tend to try to establish intimacy by discussing problems and showing concern and empathy.
Tattoos Across Time and Place
The earliest example of tattoos so far discovered was found in 1991 on the frozen remains of the Copper Age "Iceman" scientists have named Otzi. His lower back, ankles, knees and foot were marked with a series of small lines, made by rubbing powdered charcoal into vertical cuts. X-rays revealed bone degeneration at the site of each tattoo, leading researchers to believe that Otzi's people, ancestors of contemporary central and northern Europeans, may have used tattoos as medical treatment to reduce pain.
As civilizations developed, tattoos took on other meanings. Egyptian funerary figures of female dancers from around 2000 BCE, display the same abstract dot-and-dash tattoos on their bodies as those found on female mummies from the same time period. Later images represent Bes, god of fertility and revelry.
Ancient Romans found no reason to celebrate tattoos, believing in the purity of the humane from. Except as brands for criminals and the condemned, tattoos were banned in Rome. But over time, Roman attitudes toward tattoos changed. Fighting an army of Britons who wore their tattoos as badges of honor, some Romans came to admire their enemies' ferocity as well as the symbols they wore. Soon Roman soldiers were wearing their own body marks; Roman doctors even perfected the art of application and removal.