grammar-translation approach
a) instruction -given -native language -students.
B) little use -target language
c) focus -grammatical parsing, i.e., form& inflection of words.

Direct approach
a. No use - mother tongue is permitted
b. Actions & pictures - used -make meanings clear.
C. Grammar - learned inductively.

Reading approach
a. Grammar useful -reading comprehension -taught.
B. Vocabulary -controlled first & then expanded.
C. Translation - respectable classroom procedure.

Audiolingualism approach
1) lessons begin -dialogue.
2) mimicry & memorization – used- based -assumption - language is a habit formation
3) grammatical structures are sequenced & rules -
taught inductively

situational approach
1. Spoken language - primary.
2. Target language - used- classroom.
3. Efforts - made to ensure -most general & useful lexical items - presented