chapter eight:
eighteenth-century prose
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the new century threw aside the strange plots and ideas of heroic tragedy and turned to reasonable thing.
1:(justify)18th century called the Age of Reason?
Because turned to reasonable things.
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DANIEL DEFOE described the Great plague of london in his JOURNAL OF THE PLAGUE YEAR.
HIS ROBINSON CRUSOE is a better and more famous book. This story is based on a real event.
his book is almost a novel,and one of the first in english.
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RICHARD STEELE and JOSEPH ADDISON worked together in producing THE TATLER ,a paper of essays on various subjects. A more famous paper, THE SPECTATOR, followed.
what is tatler and spectator?
a peper of essays on various subjects. A more famous paper.
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these essays(Tatler& Spectator) so important<<justify>>
1:these essays, written in pure english prose without too much ornament, helped towards the production of the novel;
2:for they described the actions of imaginary characters,
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4.:(discuss) these essays helped towards the production of the novel?
they described the actions of imaginary characters, such as SIR ROGER DE COVERLEY, who became a great favourite among the readers.
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JONATHAN SWIFT was a bitter satirist.
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write short note about Gulliver travels?
swift's most famous satire, GULLIVER'S TRAVELS's, is in four books. As a story it is popular with the young, who usually read the first two books: Gulliver's voyages to LILLIPUT (where the people are six inches high) and BROBDINGNAG (where they are immense.)
the Lilliputians fight wars (as the English do) which seem foolish.
the king of Bobdingnag, after hearing about Gulliver's country, thinks that the people there must be the most hateful race of creatures on earth.
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DR SAMUEL JOHNSON was always poor and therefore had to do all kinds of literary work, even if he did not like it.
His famous Dictionary went into five editions in his own life.
He was a kind of literary ruler, giving judgments on books and authors like a god. late in life he wrote his LIVES OF THE POETS with decision and clear expression.
His own writings are less important than what he said.
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EDWARD GIBBON decided to write (the Decline and fall of the Roman Empire )while he was making a tour of Italy.
This is recognised as the greatest historical work in English literature.
In splendid prose it covers the events of thirteen centuries, and relates the ancient to the modern world.
it is clear and complete, and usually correct. it deals with various religions, Roman law, persian politics, the attacks of uncivilised tribes, and many other affairs.
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EDMUND BURKE wrote fine prose too, but it was oratorical prose.
why his wrote like oratorical?
Because he was a lawyer and a member of parliament.
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some of his wise and splendid speeches may be found in his 1):speech on American Taxation,
2):speech on Conciliation with America,.
7>:which did work make him famous in Europe?
later in his life his (Reflections on the french Revolution )made him famous in all parts of Europe. He supported the old ways of government against the new.
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some of the best english letters were written during the eighteenth century.
the post at that time was slow and uncertain, and when anyone wrote a letter it was an important event.
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LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU wrote some of the best-known.
she was a witty, learned and beautiful woman.
Her letters from Turkey, where her husband represented the king of England, describe events in that country, and there she discovered a way of preventing smallpox.
later she wrote letters from italy, and all show her wisdom and good sense.
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the fourth EARL OF CHESTERFIELD is chiefly famous now for his letters to his son. they are in fine prose, contain wise advice, but are not always morally perfect.
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the letters of the poets GARY and COWPER are also important.
8>:what is the different between gray and Cowper's letters?
1):Gray's are those of a learned man;
2) Cowper's show us something of his simple and gentle character.
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the english novel proper was born about the middle of the eighteenth century. the study of character had begun some time before in Earle's (MICROCOSMOGRAPHIE) and other books of this kind.
ADDISON and STEELE had drawn the character of Sir Roger de Coverley, and had studied the behaviour of women, (in the spectator).
Dryden and chesterfield had built up a fine prose style which was ready for use.
Defoe in (Robinson Crusoe), and other writers such as Swift, had written stories of adventure. it is not, therefore, surprising that in1740 a real novel appeared.
it was( PAMELA) by SAMUEL RICHARDSON.
9>:what is the frist English novel?
the frist English novel is(pamela) by samueL Richardson.
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(pamela)is a novel written in the form of letters, and these appeared one after the other.
this book is different from mere stories of adventure; for it examines the human heart and shows the effects of human character.
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Richardson's next novel, (Clarissa Harlowe), is his best.
Clarissa is the beautiful daughter of a severe father who wants her to marry against her will. she is driven to a state of despair, and dies an early death.
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HENRY FIELDING, a man of gay character, began a novel, (JOSEPH ANDERWS), as a kind of satire on (pamela).
Joseph is supposed to be her brother.
fielding soon became interested in his own novel, and let Joseph fall into the background.
the later part of the novel is chiefly about parson Adams, a simple, funny, and good-hearted priest. fielding wrote the novel directly, as a straight story, without the trick of letters.
10>:whst is the different between(pamela)&(Joseph)?
-PAMELA>>is a novel written in the form of letters.
-JOSEPH>>is a novel written in directly,as a straight story, without the trick of letters.
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fielding's greatest novel, (Tom Jones), appeared in eighteen books, each of which had an essay before it.
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Another of fielding's books, (The History of Jonathan Wild the Great), is a satire. it deals with a real criminal, wild,
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what is different between Roderick Random and Humphrey Clinker?
Anew kind of picture of real life was drawn by TOBIAS SMOLLETT in his picaresque novel,(Roderick Random).
the novel is powerful and unpleasant.
A later novel by Smollett, (Humphrey Clinker), is in the form of letters, and is less violent and in better taste than the other two.
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A fourth novel-writer of importance at this time was LAURENCE STERNE.
His astonishing books are as confusing as life itself. He seems to dislike order and common sense, but perhaps life dose not contain much of either. His (Tristram Shandy) made him famous.
1): We have to read about half the book before the hero, Tristram, is born.
2):Sterne leaves the story whenever he likes, to give opinions and write essays on any subject in the world.
12>:what does he do also?
He adds a few blank pages and rows of stars here and there to confuse his readers as much as possible. in spite of this, he can draw clear characters.
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Another important novel of the time was (THE VICAR OF Wakefield) by OLIVER GOLDSMITH.
the novel contains some famous short poems, including the Elegy on (the Death of a Mad Dog), which show something of Goldsmith's humour. A Good man is bitten by a mad dog;
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HORACE WAIPOLE, wrote (the castle of otranto), a novel about the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
it contains de************************ion of impossible events, such as the destruction of a building by an immense ghost inside it. this "novel of terroe" was followed by others.(Vathek )is a novel by WILLIAM BECKFORD.
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MRS ANN RADCLIFFE developed the novel of terror with work of better quality. she had a real feeling for nature. she causes interest by describing unusual scenes and sights, such as moving walls and secret passages, and strange events which she explains later. her greatest novel, the (Mysteries of Udolpho).
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MRS Radcliffe mixes this kind of witing with fine de************************ions of sunlight on the forests, mountains dark in the evening time, and the sweetness of wild flowers.
Her other novels were (Romance of the Forest and the Italian).
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chapter eight finish.
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