ملتقى طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك فيصل,جامعة الدمام - عرض مشاركة واحدة - اللغة الانجليزية تجمع {Third year students level five}

$ زازا $ · 2014- 10- 31

Chapter Two
The Analysis of the Text
1- Reading the text
It has two purposes: A- to understand , B- to analyse
The translator has to determine the intention and the way it is written for the purpose of selecting a suitable method, and identifying the particular problems.
Understanding the text requires general and close reading.
General reading requires reading everything that might be related to the text not only the text itself.
Close reading is required for challenging texts to determine meanings of common words, acronyms, figures, measures, names, etc. that are unique to the text.
The translating activity is like an iceberg, the tip is the translation, what is written on the page, and the iceberg is the activity you do to reach a proper translation. It is ten times as much as you write finally.
2- The intention of the text
The title of the text may be remote from the content as well as the intention. The way the writer writes may express a subjective point of view. The intention of the text represents the SL writer's attitude to the subject matter.
Ex. A piece about nuclear weapons may be an advertisement for them !
Explain what is the intention meant by "That was a clever of him?"
3- The intention of the translator
Usually the intention of the Translator is identical with that of the author of the SI – the text.
4- Text Styles
According to Nida there are four types of text
A- Narrative
B- Descriptive
C- Discussion
D- Dialogue

5- The Readership
The translator has to pay attention to the readers' level of education, class, age, sex, and to see whether they are marked or not.
The average text tends to be for the educated, middle class readership in an informal, not colloquial style.
Avoid errors of colloquial and intimate expressions. Errors may indicate the translator degree of knowledge and interest in the subject and the appropriate culture.
6- Stylistic Scale Martin Joos and Strevens suggested a scale of formality:

v Officialese
v Official
v Formal
v Neutral
v Informal
v Colloquial
v Slang
v Taboo

Newmark suggests another scale of generality
v Simple
v Popular
v Neutral
v Educated
v Technical
v Opaquely technical

Newmark suggests a scale of emotional tone:
v Intense
v Factual
v Understatement

7- Attitude
You have to assess the standard of the writer. Does the writer writes good, fair, average, competent, adequate, satisfactory, middling, poor, excellent? Are his standards relative to the context , generally accepted in his culture, or arbitrary? There is a thin line between a positive and a negative opinion.
8- Setting
Where will the text be published in the TL? What is the TL equivalent to the SL periodical, newspaper, textbook, journal, etc.?
9- The quality of the writing
Quality of the writing and authority of the text are two critical factors in the choice of translation method.
The quality has to judged in terms of the author intention and the requirements of the subject matter. If the text is well written the manner is as important as the matter, the right words are in the right place with a minimum of redundancy.
Deciding what a good writing is sometimes subjective, but it is a decision.
A badly written text will be cluttered with stereotyped phrases recently fashionable general words, and probably poor structures.
The authority of the text is derived from the good writing but also from the status of the writer.
10- Denotations and Connotations
Especially with relation to literary texts.
A restricted translations of a poem is always possible.
11- The last reading
You should note the cultural aspects of the text, underline neologisms, metaphors, cultural words ans institutional terms peculiar to the SL, proper names, technical terms ans untranslatable words. In short, identify the items where you find problems.

و ذي المحاضرة الثالثة

Chapter Three

The Process of Translating

1- Introduction
Translating Procedures according to Newmark are based on a method of approach.
He introduces four levels:
A. The SL text level
B. The Referential level
C. The Cohesive level
D. The naturalness
2- The relation of Translating to Translation Theory
Translating is a link between translation theory and practice. It has to be natural if the text is informative , and it has to reflect any deviation from naturalness if the text is authoritative. Naturalness is both grammatical and lexical.
The theory of translating is based on the theory of translation via naturalness.
3- The approach
There are two approaches to translating according to Newmark:
· Sentence by sentence translation for the first paragraph or chapter , etc.
· Read the whole text two or three times and find the intention, register, tone, mark the difficult words and passages
The danger of the first method is that it may leave you with two much revision to do on the early part. It is time wasting.
The heart of the translation theory is the translation problems.
Translation theory can be defined as a large number of generalizations of translation problems, a theoretical discussion of the philosophy and the psychology of translation is remote from the translator's problems.
4- The Textual Level
Working on the text level, you transpose the SL grammar into their ready TL equivalents and you translate the lexical units into the sense that appears immediately appropriate in the context of the sentence.
A part of your mind is on the text level.
Translation is the occupation in which you have to be thinking of several things at the same time.
5- The Referential Level
Here you need to see what is the text about? What it is in aid of ?
Ex:
تكدّس الطلبة
1- الأعداد الكبيرة للطلبة في الصفوف
2- الحاجة للجودة في التعليم
3- الحاجة لتوفير التعليم للجميع
Do not simplify at the risk of oversimplification. A specific reference is desirable in the translation. Your translation is a hint of compromise between the text and the facts.
Always ask your self " What is the purpose of the text? "
It is too easy to detach yourself from the reality , be it real or imaginary, of the text. The more you work hard you dicover the gap between the words and the objects, sentences and action.
The referential level should go hand in hand with the textual level. All languages have polysemous words and structures which can be finally solved only on the referential level. It is based on the clarification of all linguistic difficulties and supplementary information from the 'encyclopedia' in your mind.
6- The Cohesive level
Beyond the textual and factual level of translating there is generalized level linking the first and the second level, namely , the cohesive level. It links the structure and the mood of the text. The structure through the connective words ( conjunctions, enumerations, reiterations, definte articles, general words, referential synonyms, punctualtion marks) linking the sentences from given information to new information). (theme, rhyme, proposition, opposition, constitution, reiteration, thesis, antithesis, synthesis, ,,,,)
Mood moves between negative and positive, emotive and neutral.
A third level determines the difference between a misleading translation and a good one. It is a regulator; it secures coherence and adjusts emphasis. Here you consider the length of the paragraphs, sentences, and the formulation of appropriate tittle and tone of conclusion.
7- The Level of Naturalness
It means your translation should make sense and read naturally. You need to read your translation as though it is original.
8- Combining the four levels
9- The Unit of translating
Normally you translate sentence by sentence running the risk of not paying enough attention to the sentence-joins. The first sign of translation problem is where theses automatic procedures from language to language apparently without intercession of thought are not adequate. Then comes the struggle between words, phrases, sentences in SL and those in TL. You can either interpret the meaning of these expressions forgetting about the SL expressions, or you may create, interpret on the basis of those original words. You forget the SL words when translating them literally will produce unnatural translation into TL.
- A lame duck solution
- A piece of cake
- A part and a parcel
Grammatical issues are also a source of difficulty.
10- The Translation of lexis
The Chief difficulty is lexical not grammatical. (idioms, fixed expressions, proverbs, collocations, neologisms and undefinable words.
Sources of difficulty: multiplicity of meanings , a new collocation, a new undefined meaning.
Ex: workaholic : ????
Peace broke out
Terms, in terms of , in good terms with, ………
Nouns for instance may have four types of meaning:
- Physical
- Figurative
- Technical
- Colloquial

Ex: maison FR = house, home, home-made, first rate, tremendous…….
Most nouns, verbs, adjectives can be used figuratively, and therefore can have figurative meaning, the more common the word is the more accessible to be used figuratively.
Other possible problem is that the word may be archaic or a regional sense.
توحّشتك بزاف .... عييت كنبغي نمشي معاك ....
وحشتيني نفسي أشوفك .......
اتجننت عليك أبغى شوفك .......
مشتاق لك برشة .......

زول – رجل – رجّال – راجل – ريال ........ زلمي

إذا جاتك العوجة من السفيه خلّها

Since most SL and TL words do not precisely have the same semantic range you are over or under translating them most of the time.
11- The Translation of Proper names
Drugs for Ex.

2014- 10- 31	#103
$ زازا $ متميزة بكلية الآداب بالدمام الملف الشخصي: رقم العضوية : 78674 تاريخ التسجيل: Wed Jun 2011 المشاركات: 1,115 الـجنــس : أنـثـى عدد الـنقـاط : 1697 مؤشر المستوى: 72 بيانات الطالب: الكلية: كلية الآداب الدراسة: انتظام التخصص: English المستوى: المستوى الثامن	رد: تجمع {Third year students level five} Chapter Two The Analysis of the Text 1- Reading the text It has two purposes: A- to understand , B- to analyse The translator has to determine the intention and the way it is written for the purpose of selecting a suitable method, and identifying the particular problems. Understanding the text requires general and close reading. General reading requires reading everything that might be related to the text not only the text itself. Close reading is required for challenging texts to determine meanings of common words, acronyms, figures, measures, names, etc. that are unique to the text. The translating activity is like an iceberg, the tip is the translation, what is written on the page, and the iceberg is the activity you do to reach a proper translation. It is ten times as much as you write finally. 2- The intention of the text The title of the text may be remote from the content as well as the intention. The way the writer writes may express a subjective point of view. The intention of the text represents the SL writer's attitude to the subject matter. Ex. A piece about nuclear weapons may be an advertisement for them ! Explain what is the intention meant by "That was a clever of him?" 3- The intention of the translator Usually the intention of the Translator is identical with that of the author of the SI – the text. 4- Text Styles According to Nida there are four types of text A- Narrative B- Descriptive C- Discussion D- Dialogue 5- The Readership The translator has to pay attention to the readers' level of education, class, age, sex, and to see whether they are marked or not. The average text tends to be for the educated, middle class readership in an informal, not colloquial style. Avoid errors of colloquial and intimate expressions. Errors may indicate the translator degree of knowledge and interest in the subject and the appropriate culture. 6- Stylistic Scale Martin Joos and Strevens suggested a scale of formality: v Officialese v Official v Formal v Neutral v Informal v Colloquial v Slang v Taboo Newmark suggests another scale of generality v Simple v Popular v Neutral v Educated v Technical v Opaquely technical Newmark suggests a scale of emotional tone: v Intense v Factual v Understatement 7- Attitude You have to assess the standard of the writer. Does the writer writes good, fair, average, competent, adequate, satisfactory, middling, poor, excellent? Are his standards relative to the context , generally accepted in his culture, or arbitrary? There is a thin line between a positive and a negative opinion. 8- Setting Where will the text be published in the TL? What is the TL equivalent to the SL periodical, newspaper, textbook, journal, etc.? 9- The quality of the writing Quality of the writing and authority of the text are two critical factors in the choice of translation method. The quality has to judged in terms of the author intention and the requirements of the subject matter. If the text is well written the manner is as important as the matter, the right words are in the right place with a minimum of redundancy. Deciding what a good writing is sometimes subjective, but it is a decision. A badly written text will be cluttered with stereotyped phrases recently fashionable general words, and probably poor structures. The authority of the text is derived from the good writing but also from the status of the writer. 10- Denotations and Connotations Especially with relation to literary texts. A restricted translations of a poem is always possible. 11- The last reading You should note the cultural aspects of the text, underline neologisms, metaphors, cultural words ans institutional terms peculiar to the SL, proper names, technical terms ans untranslatable words. In short, identify the items where you find problems. و ذي المحاضرة الثالثة Chapter Three The Process of Translating 1- Introduction Translating Procedures according to Newmark are based on a method of approach. He introduces four levels: A. The SL text level B. The Referential level C. The Cohesive level D. The naturalness 2- The relation of Translating to Translation Theory Translating is a link between translation theory and practice. It has to be natural if the text is informative , and it has to reflect any deviation from naturalness if the text is authoritative. Naturalness is both grammatical and lexical. The theory of translating is based on the theory of translation via naturalness. 3- The approach There are two approaches to translating according to Newmark: · Sentence by sentence translation for the first paragraph or chapter , etc. · Read the whole text two or three times and find the intention, register, tone, mark the difficult words and passages The danger of the first method is that it may leave you with two much revision to do on the early part. It is time wasting. The heart of the translation theory is the translation problems. Translation theory can be defined as a large number of generalizations of translation problems, a theoretical discussion of the philosophy and the psychology of translation is remote from the translator's problems. 4- The Textual Level Working on the text level, you transpose the SL grammar into their ready TL equivalents and you translate the lexical units into the sense that appears immediately appropriate in the context of the sentence. A part of your mind is on the text level. Translation is the occupation in which you have to be thinking of several things at the same time. 5- The Referential Level Here you need to see what is the text about? What it is in aid of ? Ex: تكدّس الطلبة 1- الأعداد الكبيرة للطلبة في الصفوف 2- الحاجة للجودة في التعليم 3- الحاجة لتوفير التعليم للجميع Do not simplify at the risk of oversimplification. A specific reference is desirable in the translation. Your translation is a hint of compromise between the text and the facts. Always ask your self " What is the purpose of the text? " It is too easy to detach yourself from the reality , be it real or imaginary, of the text. The more you work hard you dicover the gap between the words and the objects, sentences and action. The referential level should go hand in hand with the textual level. All languages have polysemous words and structures which can be finally solved only on the referential level. It is based on the clarification of all linguistic difficulties and supplementary information from the 'encyclopedia' in your mind. 6- The Cohesive level Beyond the textual and factual level of translating there is generalized level linking the first and the second level, namely , the cohesive level. It links the structure and the mood of the text. The structure through the connective words ( conjunctions, enumerations, reiterations, definte articles, general words, referential synonyms, punctualtion marks) linking the sentences from given information to new information). (theme, rhyme, proposition, opposition, constitution, reiteration, thesis, antithesis, synthesis, ,,,,) Mood moves between negative and positive, emotive and neutral. A third level determines the difference between a misleading translation and a good one. It is a regulator; it secures coherence and adjusts emphasis. Here you consider the length of the paragraphs, sentences, and the formulation of appropriate tittle and tone of conclusion. 7- The Level of Naturalness It means your translation should make sense and read naturally. You need to read your translation as though it is original. 8- Combining the four levels 9- The Unit of translating Normally you translate sentence by sentence running the risk of not paying enough attention to the sentence-joins. The first sign of translation problem is where theses automatic procedures from language to language apparently without intercession of thought are not adequate. Then comes the struggle between words, phrases, sentences in SL and those in TL. You can either interpret the meaning of these expressions forgetting about the SL expressions, or you may create, interpret on the basis of those original words. You forget the SL words when translating them literally will produce unnatural translation into TL. - A lame duck solution - A piece of cake - A part and a parcel Grammatical issues are also a source of difficulty. 10- The Translation of lexis The Chief difficulty is lexical not grammatical. (idioms, fixed expressions, proverbs, collocations, neologisms and undefinable words. Sources of difficulty: multiplicity of meanings , a new collocation, a new undefined meaning. Ex: workaholic : ???? Peace broke out Terms, in terms of , in good terms with, ……… Nouns for instance may have four types of meaning: - Physical - Figurative - Technical - Colloquial Ex: maison FR = house, home, home-made, first rate, tremendous……. Most nouns, verbs, adjectives can be used figuratively, and therefore can have figurative meaning, the more common the word is the more accessible to be used figuratively. Other possible problem is that the word may be archaic or a regional sense. توحّشتك بزاف .... عييت كنبغي نمشي معاك .... وحشتيني نفسي أشوفك ....... اتجننت عليك أبغى شوفك ....... مشتاق لك برشة ....... زول – رجل – رجّال – راجل – ريال ........ زلمي إذا جاتك العوجة من السفيه خلّها Since most SL and TL words do not precisely have the same semantic range you are over or under translating them most of the time. 11- The Translation of Proper names Drugs for Ex.