Linguistic convergence is a process in which speakers change their speech to
make it more similar to that of their hearer,
Linguistic maintenance is a process in which speakers may choose not to
converge, but instead to maintain their own variety.
Linguistic divergence is a process in which speakers choose to move away from
the Linguistic norms of their hearer in order to emphasize the difference between
themselves and the person or people they are talking to.
10.2 What is standard English? ما هو المعيار الإنجليزية
10.2.1 Characteristics of Standard English
;كل الاربعة معايير من المحاضرة 12
a. Standard English is related to dialects, not accents.
b. Standard English is difficult to isolate and put linguistic
boundaries around.
c. Standard English is the dialect of the middle and upper classes.
d. Forms of Standard English are socially prestigious.