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American Naturalism is often associated with literary realism
The term naturalism was initially coined by Emile Zola
. American writers were particularly influenced by the British and French models and began to adapt the form to reflect American social, economic, and cultural conditions
by the concept of determinism—the theory that heredity and environment influence determine human behavior
Major thematic concerns of the form include the fight for survival—man against nature and man against society; violence
The term naturalism describes a type of literature that attempts to apply scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to its study of human beings. Unlike realism, which focuses on literary technique, naturalism implies a philosophical position: for naturalistic writers, since human beings are, in Emile Zola's phrase, "human beasts," characters can be studied through their relationships to their surroundings
The naturalistic novel usually contains two tensions
The naturalist populates his novel primarily from the lower middle class or the lower class
The naturalist often describes his characters as though they are conditioned and controlled by environment, heredity, instinct, or chance
Characters. Frequently but not invariably ill-educated or lower-class characters whose lives are governed by the forces of heredity, instinct, and passion
Setting. Frequently an urban setting
Themes:
1.Walcutt identifies survival, determinism, violence, and taboo as key themes.
2. The "brute within" each individual, composed of strong and often warring emotions
3. Nature as an indifferent force acting on the lives of human beings
4. The forces of heredity and environment as they affect--and afflict--individual lives
5. An indifferent, deterministic universe
Kate Chopin; “The Awakening”