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مُتميزة للمستوى الثامن E
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رد: تجمع مذاكرة الرواية الحديثة (+a ) ان شاء الله
راح احدد الكلمات الجديدة مع ترجمتها في المحاضرات من باب لو ان الدكتور جاب فراغات
المحاضرة الاولى
“The Novel is a picture of real life and manners, and of the time in which it is written.
The Romance, in lofty and elevated language, describes what never happened nor is
likely to happen.”
Clara Reeve, The Progress of Romance, 1785
السامية والرفيعه
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Verisimilitude
Refers to the illusion that the novel is a representation of real life.
الوهم
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المحاضرة الثانية 
The Novel of Manners:
Jane Austen
Novels dominated by the customs, manners,يسيطر
conventional behavior and habits of a particular social class
Often concerned with courtship and marriage الخطوبة
Realistic and sometimes satiric
ساخرة
Focus on domestic society rather than the larger world
Other novelists of manners: Anthony Trollope, Edith
Wharton, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Margaret Drabble
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Frankenstein by Mary Shelley 1797-1851
One of the most famous gothic novels
Inspired by a dream in reaction to a
رفض
challenge to write a ghos story
Published in 1817 (rev. ed. 1831)
Influenced by the Greek myth of Promotheus
Frankenstein is also considered the first science fiction novel
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Historical Novels
الروايات التاريخية
Novels that reconstruct a past age,
اعادة بناء الماضي
often when two cultures are in conflict
تتصارع
Fictional characters interact with with historical figures in
actual events
دSir Walter Scott (1771-1832) is considered the father of the historical novel: The Waverly Novels (1814-1819) and Ivanhoe (1819)
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Social issues came to the forefront مقدمة with the condition of laborers in the Industrial Revolution and later in the Depression: Dickens’ Hard Times, Gaskell’s Mary Barton;
الكساد
Eliot’s Middlemarch; Steinbeck’s Grapes of Wrath
Social or Sociological novels deal with the nature, function and effect of the society which the characters inhabit – often for the purpose of effecting reform
Slavery and race issues arose in
الرق والعرقية
American social novels: Harriet Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 20th c. novels by Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison, etc.
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Social Realism Cont.
Muckrakers exposed corruption in
كشف الفساد
industry and society: Sinclair’s The Jungle, Steinbeck’s Cannery Row
Propaganda novels advocate a doctrinaire solution to social problems: Godwin’s Things as They Are, Rand’s Atlas Shrugged
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Charles Dickens 1812-1870
By including varieties of poor people in all his novels, Dickens brought the problems of poverty to the attention of his readers: فقر
“It is scarcely conceivable that anyone should…exert a stronger social influence than Mr. Dickens has…. His sympathies are on the side of the suffering and the frail; and this makes him the idol of those who suffer, from whatever cause.”
Harriet Martineau, The London Times called him "pre-eminently a writer of the people and
متميز
for the people . . . the 'Great Commoner' of English fiction."
Dickens aimed at arousing the conscience of his age
اثارة ضمير
. To his success in doing so, a Nonconformist preacher paid the following tribute:
"There have been at work among us three great social agencies: the London City Mission; the novels of Mr. Dickens; the cholera
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The Russian Novel
Russia from 1850-1920 was a period of social, political, and existential struggle.
Writers and thinkers remained divided: some tried to incite revolution تحريض, while others romanticized the past as a time of harmonious order.
The novel in Russia embodied those struggles and conflicts الصراعات والنزعات in some of the greatest books ever written.
The characters in the works search for meaning in an uncertain world, while the novelists who created them experiment with modes of artistic expression to represent the troubled spirit of their age.
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المحاضرة الثالثة
The Novel: A Definition
According to M.H. Abrams:
“The term novel is now applied to a great variety of writings that have in common only the attribute of being extended works of fiction written in prose. […] Its magnitude permits a greater variety of characters, greater complication of plot (or plots), ampler development of milieu, and more sustained exploration of character and motives than do the shorter, more concentrated modes.”
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Language and Popular Taste
Defoe did not write his first novel, Robinson Crusoe, until he was 59. Until then, he was a journalist and a political pamphleteer, and his style was influenced by journalism.
Other factors that influenced language at the time
The desire to keep language close to the speech of artisans and merchants because they were the new economic and financial agents of England.
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Socio-Historical Background
Worldwide travels, the establishment of colonies in the Americas, the international slave trade, industrialization
Europe, especially England, is now in control of international trade routes and owns the bulk of the international trade.
The new economic realities produce a middle class in England, people who used to be serfs working the lands of aristocrats can now be entrepreneurs, slave traders, adventurers, colonists in America. Their children can now be educated.
The new markets also demand a new type of worker: skilled and
literate. The establishment of grammar school
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The Development of Prose Fiction
In the 17th and 18th centuries, prose was still not recognized as a literary form. Only Greek and Latin and English verse were considered “high culture.” English prose was what lower or middle class people read and wrote.
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The economic wealth created in the 18th century a middle class that has a good income and leisure time. They cannot read Greek or Latin and formal literature, but they can read simple stories in prose.
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The first novels were published as serial stories in newspapers. Travel stories published in episodes telling the English public of adventures in far away lands.
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The establishment of colonies, worldwide travel and international trade made people in England curious about the new lands they were traveling to. This is how stories began to be published in newspapers in prose about travel adventures in exotic and far away lands.
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The popularity of these travel stories made publishers realize that there was a market and this is how novels in book format began to be published.
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Still, bookshops, coffeehouses, salons and reading rooms provided new gathering places where people discussed literature.
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