2015- 11- 9
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#36
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مميزة مستوى 8 E
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linguistics favour description
(saying what does happen) over prescription
(saying what ought to happen)

linguistics concern is knowledge as an end in itself rather than with action based upon that knowledge
علم اللغويات مهتم بالمعرفه والادراك ك هدف في حد ذاته بدل العمل المرتكز على تلك المعرفه

3 دراسات تسهم في تحليل المحادثات
discourse analysis:
paralanguage, pragmatics, and genre studies.

سؤال مهم جاء بالواجبات
Thos are people who use the monitor when it is appropriate and wh en it dose not interferes with communication ?
الجواب
من بين الخيارات
Monitor potimal -users
طبعا تقدون تعكسون السؤال للاحتياط
سؤال جاء بالاسئله العام
Monitor over-users are :
Who attempt to monitor all time
طبعا تقدرون تعكسون السؤال علشان لو جاء خيارات

genre=John Swales

the role of other international languages such as French or Russian had diminished drastically
French is no longer the international language of air traffic control, or dominant in Diplomacy
German and Russian are no longer internationally necessary for scientific study.
actually the influence of English can be seen in films ,television programs

What it means to be a native speaker? ماذا يقصد با المتكلم الاصلي
Firstly, there's the question of personal history اولا هو موضوع مرتبط بتاريخ الشخص
Native speakers and are considered to be people who acquired the language naturally and effortlessly in childhood
المتكلم الاصلي يعتبر من الناس الذين اكتسبو لغتهم بشكل طبيعي من صغرهم وبدون أي جهد
Secondly, there is a question of expertise ثانيا هو موضوع خبره
Native speakers are seen as people who use the language, or variety of it, correctly, and have insight into what is or is not acceptable
وينظر الى المتحدث الاصلي من الناس الذين يستخدمون اللغة او نوع منها بشكل صحيح ويملكون الانتباه لماهو مقبول او غير
مقبول)يقصد خبرته في اتخاذ ماهو صحيح والغير صحيح والمقبول والغير مقبول (
Thirdly, there's a question of knowledge and loyalty. ثالثا موضوع المعرفه والإخلاص

there are some aspects of language proficiency that this traditional definition of the native speaker does not include
Firstly, it says nothing about proficient see in writing , but only about proficiency in speech
اولا هو لم يقول أي شيئ عن براعة في الكتابه ولكن فقط البراعه في الحديث
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Secondly, the native speakers knowledge of the language is implicit rather than
explicit . (using the rules correctly without being able to explain them).
ثانيا المتكلم الاصلي يكون مضمون كلامه مفهوم بدلا من الشرح
)لاستخدامه القواعد بشكل صحيح بدون شرحها (
يقصد يكون واضح على المتكلم الاصلي انه فاهم اللغه واستخدامه للقواعد بطريقة صحيحه
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Lastly, traditional native speakerness implies nothing about size of vocabulary, range of style, or ability to communicate across diverse communities

The spread of English has generated intense interest in the study of language pedagogy and of second-language acquisition (SLA).
انتشار اللغة الانجليزية ولدت اهتمام كبير في دراسه اصول اللغه واكتساب لغة ثانيه

Proficiency Test= TOEFEL
Diagnostic Test=CHECKLIST FEATURE
placement test=ESLPT
Achievement tests=summative
aptitude test=MLAT+PLAB

The analysis of such language and its effects is known as critical linguistics

Before designing a test and then giving it to a group of students, there are a number of things we need to do:
كتابة الاختبارواعطائه لمجموعه من الطلاب هناك يوجد عدد من الامور تحتاج القيام بها
1- Assess the test situation: تقيم حالة الاختبار

Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, names often associated with contructivism.

One is passivization, the favoring of passive constructions over active ones,
for example,
‘Five children were killed in the air attack’ not ‘The pilots killed five children’.

two branches of constructivism:
cognitive and social

Native Speakers = Naturally and Effortlessly
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