lecture 8
1)when did Structuralism appear in literature?
in France in the 1960s
2) whose work did it continue ?
the work of Russian Formalism
3)in what way ?
it does not seek to interpret literature; it seeks rather to investigate its structures
4)what are the most common names associated with structuralism ?
Roland Barthes, Tzvetan Todorov, Gerard Gennete, and A.j. Greimas
5) who made the most influential contributions to structuralism ?
Gerard Gennete’s
6) how ?
his book Discours du récit (Paris, 1972)
7) what language was it translated to ?
English
8) what was it translated to ?
Narrative Discourse (1980)
9) what book was so systematic and so thorough in analyzing the structures of literary discourse and narratology ?
Narrative Discourse
10) what are the main aspects of the narrative discourse ?
time
mood
voice
11) what do we mean by time ?
order,duration ,frequency
12) what do we mean by mood?
Distance (Mimesis vs. Diegesis), Perspective (the question who sees?)
13) what do we mean by voice?
Levels of narration (the question who speaks?)
14)how many forms of time are there in a narrative ?
two
15) what are they ?
The time of the story
The time of the narrative
16) what is the time of the story ?
The time in which the story happens
17) what is the time of narration ?
The time in which the story is told/narrated
18) what is narrative order ?
the relation between the sequencing of events in the story and their arrangement in the narrative
19) what do we call it when a narrator choose to present the events in the order they occurred ?
chronologically
20) what do we call it when the vents happen in the up coming order : A – B – C – D – E – F ?
a chronological order
21)what do we call it when the vents happen in the up coming order : E – D – A – C – B – F ?
non-chronological
22) what is Time Zero?
the time of the narration
23) what does Gennette call all irregularities in the time of narration ?
Anachronies
24) when does an Anachronies happen ?
whenever a narrative stops the chronological order in order to bring events or information from the past (of the time zero) or from the future (of the time zero).
25)how many types of anachronies are there ?
two
26) what are they ?
Analysis ( when information is brought from the past )and Prolepsis (when information is brought from the future)
27) what is Analepsis?
The narrator recounts after the fact an event that took place earlier than the moment in which the narrative is stopped
28) I woke up in a good mood this morning. In my mind were memories of my childhood, when I was running in the fields with my friends after school.
when is time zero?
this morning
where is the Analepsis?
memories of my childhood
29) what is Prolepsis?
The narrator anticipates events that will occur after the point in time in which the story has stops.
30) what do mean by the anachrony's reach ?
how far in the past of future we’re going
31) what do we mean by its extent ?
were going to be talking about a period of how long
32) what is the function of Analepses in a narrative ?
it’s a filler it often take on an explanatory role, developing a character's psychology by relating events from his past
33) These breaks in chronology may also be used to disrupt what ?
the classical novel's linear narrative (chronological narrative )
34) what is the only mood of literature ?
indicative
35) what does Genette say of all narratives ?
the are all diegesis (telling) and can only achieve an illusion of mimesis (showing)
36) how can it give the illusion of mimesis ?
by making the story real, alive, and vivid
37)what question does Genette answer ?
the question of imitation , in his opinion literature does not imitate
38 ) what is mimesis for Gennete ?
it’s only a form of diegesis , showing is only a form of telling
39) it is more accurate to study the relationship of the narrative under the heading of what ?
Distance and Perspective
40) what is the only imitation (mimesis) possible in literature ?
the imitation of words
41) all narratives are narratives of what ?
events and here every narrative chooses to take a certain amount of distance from the information is narrates
42) what is narrative of Events?
always a diegesis, that is, a transcription of the non-verbal into the verbal.
43) Mimesis to Genette?
maximum of information and a minimum of the informer
44) Diegesis to Genette ?
a minimum of information and a maximum presence of the informer.
45)how many types of mimesis are posable ?
three
46) what are they ?
Narrated speech
Transposed speech
Reproduced speech
47) what is Narrated speech ?
is the most distant and reduced exact uttered speech
48) what is Transposed speech ?
in indirect style mixture of uttered and narrated speech
49) what is Reproduced speech?
The most mimetic form is where the narrator pretends that the character is speaking and not the narrator
50) what is the second mode of regulating information ?
Perspective
51) Traditional criticism, says Gennete, confuses two different issues , what are they ?
narrative voice and narrative perspective
52) under what question ?
point of view
53) Gennete argues that a distinction should be made between what ?
narrative voice and narrative perspective
54) what is narrative voice ?
the question “Who speaks?
55) what is narrative perspective ?
(the question “Who sees “?
56) what is Focalization?
Who Sees?
57) how many kinds of Focalization do we have ?
three
58) what are they ?
Zero Focalization
Internal focalization
External focalization
59) what is Zero Focalization?
The narrator knows more than the characters. He may know the facts about all of the protagonists, as well as their thoughts and gestures. This is the traditional "omniscient narrator “(has no restriction or no limit he can see everything)
60) what is Internal focalization ?
The narrator knows as much as the focal character. This character filters the information provided to the reader, and the narrator does not and cannot access or report the thoughts of other characters.
61) what does Focalization means primarily?
a limitation, a limit on the capacity of the narrator to “see” and “report.”
62) what does the the narrator do if he/she wants to be seen as reliable ?
has to recognize and respect that he cannot be everywhere and know everything
63)what is External focalization ?
The narrator knows less than the characters. He acts a bit like a camera lens, following the protagonists' actions and gestures from the outside; he is unable to guess their thoughts. Again, there is restriction
64) what are the Levels of narration?
who speaks?
65) Genette systematizes the varieties of narrators according to what ?
a purely formal criteria
66) how many types of narrating is there from the point of view of time ?
four
67) what are they ?
SUBSEQUENT
PRIOR
SIMULTANEOUS
INTERPOLATED
67) what is SUBSEQUENT?
The classical (most frequent) position of the past-tense narrative.
68) what is PRIOR?
Predictive narrative, generally in the future tense (dreams, prophecies) [this type of narrating is done with less frequency than any other
69) what is SIMULTANEOUS ?
Narrative in the present contemporaneous with the action (this is the simplest form of narrating since the simultaneousness of the story and the narrating eliminates any sort of interference or temporal game).
70) what is INTERPOLATED?
Between the moments of the action (this is the most complex) [e.g., epistolary novels]
71) what is a homodiegetic Narrator?
a story in which the narrator is present in the story he narrates
72) what is a Heterodiegetic Narrator?
a story in which the narrator is absent from the story he narrates
73) what is a Extradiegetic Narrative?
the narrator is superior, in the sense of being at least one level higher than the story world, and hence has a good or virtually complete knowledge of the story he narrates.
74) what is Intradiegetic Narrative?
the narrator is immersed within the same level as that of the story world, and has limited or incomplete knowledge of the story he narrates