المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة ayosha

lecture 7 part1

what is the russian formalist movement ?
a school of literary scholarship that originated and flourished in russia

2) when did they flourish?
the second decade of the 20th century (1920’s)

3)when were they suppressed ?
in the 1930’s

4)who was it championed by ?
unorthodox philologists and literary historians

5) give examples of people who championed the russian formalist movement ?
boris eichenbaum, roman jakobson, viktor shklovsky, boris tomashevsky, and yuri tynyanov

6) what were its centres?
the moscow linguistic circle founded in 1915
the petrograd society for the study of poetic language (opoyaz) formed in 1916

7) what was opoyaz?
petrograd society for the study of poetic language

8)their project were stated in what books?
poetics: Studies in the theory of poetic language (1919)
modern russian poetry (1921)

9) who wrote modern russian poetry?
modern russian poetry أخت عايشه مو المفروض الجواب يكون roman jakobson


10)when did the bolshevik revolution happen?
1917

11)how did russia view literature prior to 1917 ?
it romanticized literature and viewed literature from a religious perspective

12) what happened after 1917?
literature began to be observed and analyzed

13) what did the formalist perspective encourage?
the study of literature from an objective and scientific lens

14)who labeled the opoyaz group as the "formalist"
its opponents

15)what did the opoyaz group prefer to be called ?
the "morphological" approach or “specifiers”

16) who ere the most important formalist critics?
viktor shklovsky, yuri tynianov, vladimir propp, boris eichenbaum, roman jakobson, boris tomashevsky, grigory gukovsky

17) these names revolutionized literary criticism between when and when ?
between 1914 and the 1930s

18) how did they do that ?
by establishing the specificity and autonomy of poetic language and literature

19)russian formalism exerted a major influence on thinkers like who?
mikhail bakhtin and yuri lotman

20)the formalist project had two objectives , what were they ?
the emphasis on the literary work and its component parts
the autonomy of literary scholarship

21) formalism wanted to solve what ?
the methodological confusion which prevailed in traditional literary studies

22)what did they want to establish?
literary scholarship as a distinct and autonomous field of study

23) formalists were not interested in what ?

the psychology and biography of the author.
The religious, moral, or political value of literature.
The symbolism in literature.
Formalism strives to force literary or artwork to stand on its own
people (i.e., author, reader) are not important
the formalists rejected traditional definitions of literature. They had a deep-seated distrust of psychology.
They rejected the theories that locate literary meaning in the poet rather than the poem – the theories that invoke a "faculty of mind" conducive to poetic creation.
They had little use for all the talk about "intuition," "imagination," "genius," and the like


24) in the subject of literature it was necessary to the formalists to do what ?
to narrow down the definition of literature

25) who said "the subject of literary scholarship is not literature in its totality but literariness (literaturnost'), i.e., that which makes of a given work a work of literature.” ?
roman jakobson

26) who said "the literary scholar ought to be concerned solely with the inquiry into the distinguishing features of the literary materials.” ?
eichenbaum

27) russian formalists argued that literature was what ?
a specialized mode of language

28) what did they purpose?
fundamental opposition between the literary (or poetic) use of language and the ordinary (practical) use of language

29)ordinary language aims at what?
communicating a message by reference to the world outside the message

30)literature was what ?
a specialized mode of language. It does not aim at communicating a message and its reference is not to the world but to itself.

31)literariness, according to jan mukarovsky, consists in what ?
“the maximum of foregrounding of the utterance,”

32) what is “the maximum of foregrounding of the utterance”?
the foregrounding of “the act of expression, the act of speech itself.”

33) what does to foreground mean?
to bring into high prominence.

34) what is the result of backgrounding the referential aspect of language ?
poetry makes the words themselves palpable as phonic sounds

35) by foreground its linguistic medium the primary aim of literature is what ?
is to estrange or defamiliarize or make strange

36) who said is to estrange or defamiliarize or make strange ?
victor shklovsky