These examples make it clear that we can use names associated with things (salad) to refer to people, and use names of people (Chomsky) to refer to things. An inference is additional information to connect between what is said and what must be meant.

Secondary referring expressions like he, the big ones, ours, that one. These expressions are headed by pronouns and they refer indirectly; their referents can only be determined from primary referring expressions in the context in which they are used.

For example, in a restaurant, one waiter can ask another, Where’s the cucumber salad sitting? and receive the reply, He’s sitting by the window. You might ask someone, Can I look at your Chomsky? And get the response, Sure, it’s on the shelf over there. These examples make it clear that we can use names associated with things (salad) to refer to people, and use names of people (Chomsky) to refer to things. لما ينادي النادل وين صاحب سلطة الخيار فهو يقصد أحد الزبائن

Referents differ from one another in 3 ways: Unique like Lake Ontario vs. Non-unique like a lake; Variable reference: that dog, my uncle, several people, a lake, the results

lecture 7
Q:28-29


28. Only one sentence among the followings has a temporal deixis. Which one is it?
A. I'm busy now
B. You can't stay here
C. Put them near that
D. These boxes are heavy



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29. What among the followings is a subsequent reference to an already introduced entity?
A. Antecedent
B. Anaphora
C. Collocation
D. Deixis



Lecture 8
Q:30-31-46


30. It is defined as "a pair or group of words that are often used together, such as, take a picture."What is it?
A. Deixis
B. Anaphora
C. Collocation
D. Presupposition


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31. All these examples represent correct collocations except for …
A. stick to the rules
B. a quick car
C. a quick glance
D. keep to the rules


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46. All the following collections are incorrectly written except for …
A. Did you look at TV last night
B. Burgers and French fries are common fast meals
C. You must do an effort to study for the exam
D. You made a few mistakes

Lecture 9
Q:32-34-37-43


32. What a speaker assumes is true or known by a listener can be described as a…
A. prototype
B. deixis
C. collocation
D. presupposition

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34. What is one obvious presupposition of a speaker who says: "I regret talking to Tom"?
A. That he has a friend named Tom
B. That he did not talk to Tom
C. That he will fight with Tom
D. That talked to Tom


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37. What is one obvious presupposition of a speaker who says: "your sister is waiting outside"?
A. That you are late for your sister
B. That you have a sister
C. That you need to leave with your sister right now
D. That you regret having a sister


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43. What is one obvious presupposition in this sentence: "Majed renewed his subscription to Sport magazine"?
A. That his subscription has expired
B. That Sport magazine is a cheap magazine
C. That he reads Sport magazine everyday
D. That renewing the subscription is easy