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مميزة مستوى 8 E
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المحاضرة الأولى ( شرح F!x +DoDy CooL +ayosha )
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Lecture 1
شرح F!x
The Stories Behind the Stories 1 Greece and Rome
Literature and literary criticism in Western cultures cannot be understood without understanding its relationship to classical antiquity – Greek and RomanWhy?
لا يمكن فهم الادب والنقد الادبي في الثقافات الغربية دون فهم علاقته بالعصور
الرومانية واليونانية القديمة
Because European and Western literature and cultures were
produced as a recreation, a revival of the classical cultures of
Greece and Rome
لان الثقافة والادب الاوروبي والغربي كان ينتج وكانه إعادة خلق او إحياء
للحضارة اليونانية والرومانية القديمة
............
From the 16th to the 20th centuries Western cultures considered
Greece and Rome the most perfect civilizations
From the 16th to the 20th centuries Western drama, poetry, literary criticism were all produced in imitation of classical antiquity (Greece and Rome).
the West’s relationship with antiquity is not simple It is
full of contradictions and ambivalence
علاقة الغرب بالعصور القديمة ليست بتلك السهولة .انها مليئة بالتناقضات
والازدواجية
Roman poet Horace writes
“Captive Greece took its wild conqueror captive”
this line considered as ......
the famous line in the Western cultures
هذا العباره تعتبر ......
عباره الشهير في الثقافات الغربية
وهي من
“A Letter to Augustus,”
Horace expresses a sense of inferiority and ambivalence because Rome
conquered Greece politically and militarily
.........................
We find this sense of ambivalence and inferiority everywhere in
Roman (Latin) literaturein Horace, Quintilian, Seneca, etc
The Romans conquered Greece militarily, But they always felt that the culture of
Greece remained infinitely more sophisticated and refined in poetry, in philosophy, in
rhetoric, in medicine, in architecture, in painting, in manners and in refinement. Hence
the sense of inferiority.
Seneca writes...
“No past life has been lived to lend us glory, and that which has existed
before us is not ours.”
لا توجد حياة ماضيه ممكن ان تعطينا المجد , وتلك التي كانت موجوده قبلنا لم تكن لنا
وكذلك من اقوله ,,
“[A] man who follows another not only finds nothing; he is not even
looking.”
الرجل الذي يكون تابع لشخص اخر ليس فقط لايجد شيئا بل لايكون يبحث عن شئ
Source Seneca:
كتابه
Epistulae Morales
.................
education in Rome
consisted simply in IMITATING
Greek
التعليم في روما كان بالتقليد اليونان
The Romans so desperately wanted to imitate the Greeks and so
constantly failed to match them
مالسبب ..
The reason is simple. Imitation cannot produce originality.
السبب بسيط جدا التقليد لايمكن ان يجلب التميز أو الأصالة
لذلك قال
Seneca
As Seneca puts it with bitterness, “a man who follows another not only
finds nothing; he is not even looking
,,,,,,,,,,,,
حياة الرومان شعب ريفي وغير مثقف .. لاكنهم ناجحين في المجال العسكري فلهم
أكبر إمبراطورية في العالم، ولكنهم ما زالوا يشعرون بأنهم أقل شأنا
ثقافيا
The Romans were a simple rural and uncultivated
people who became
successful warriors, and at the height of their success when they ruled
the biggest empire in the world, they still felt that they were inferior
culturally to their small province Greece.
طبعا هذا الوضع يؤثر على الإنتاج الثقافي في روما وبشكل كبير في اوربا والغرب
This situation strongly affected how culture was produced in Rome and Europe
and the West.
العبارات بالخط العريض ذكر بالإختبار ومهم و مكرره 
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شرح DoDy CooL
المحاضرة الاولى
European and Western literature and cultures were produced as a recreation, a revival of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome.
الأدب الأوروبي و الغربي وثقافتهما لم تكن سوى إعادة بناء و إحياء للثقافة القديمٌة للروم و
اليوٌنان
were ALL produced in imitation of classical antiquity (Greece and Rome).
جميع الاعمال كانت عبارة عن تقليد للروم والاغريق(اليونانين)
West’s relationship with antiquity is not simple. It is full of contradictions and ambivalence.
علاقة الغرب مع الروم والاغريق (العصور القديمة) كانت مليئة بالتناقض والازدواجية
الروم يسمى بـــــــالثقافة التراثية(ROME ----A MUSEUM CULTURE)
اليونان يسمى بـــــــالثقافة حية(GREECE ----A LIVING CULTURE)
نتكلم الحين عن Rome الروم
1-كان دائما تقلد الادب اليوناني
2-ورغم من كثر محاولاتهم ففشلوا في الوصول الى ما وصل له اليونانيون وذلك لأن(التقليد لا يشبه الاصل)
The Romans so desperately wanted to imitate the Greeks and so constantly failed to match them. The reason is simple. Imitation cannot produce originality
3-كان الروم عبارة عن ريفين بسطاء...وبلد قوي..ولكنهم كانوا دائما يشعرون بأنهم أقل شأنا من اليونانيين بالرغم من انهم قرى صغيرة
The Romans were a simple rural-successful warriors,-
still felt that they were inferior culturally to their small province Greece.
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من ابز الشاعريين اللي ظهر في الروم Roman poet writes
Horace-1-
قد نصح قراءه بتقليد اليونان لانه مارح يكون في ابداع اليونانين
advised his readers to simply imitate the Greeks and never try to invent anything themselves because their inventions will be weak and unattractive
وكتب
“Captive Greece took its wild conqueror captive”
2- Seneca,
وكتب
#“No past life has been lived to lend us glory, and that which has existed before us is not ours.”
#“[A] man who follows another not only finds nothing; he is not even looking.”
---مهمين جدا---
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أسئلة ayosha
lecture 1
1) what is classical antiquity ?
ancient Greece and ancient Rome (also called the classic,and the ancient)
2) what relationship do we need to know to understand literature and literary criticism in western culture ?
we need to understand its relationship to classical antiquity.
3) why do we need to understand that relationship ?
because European and western literature and cultures were produced as a recreation ,a revival of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome .
4) how did the western culture perceive Greece and Rome?
they considered them the most perfect civilization .
5) when were Greece and Rome considered the most perfect civilization ?
from the 16th to the 20th centuries
6) what was produced in imitation of classical antiquity ?
western drama, poetry, literary criticism, art, education, politics, fashion, architecture, painting.
7) how would you describe the west’s relationship with antiquity?
full of contradictions and ambivalence.
8) who conquered Greece ?
Rome
9) who wrote “captive Greece took its wild conqueror captive” ?
Horace in a letter to augustus
10)why did Horace write that ?
he had a sense of inferiority and ambivalence.
11) why did Horace have a feeling of inferiority and ambivalence?
because although Rome conquered Greece politically and militarily , it could never produce a refined culture like Greece
12) what is refined culture ?
poetry, philosophy…etc
13)is the sense of inferiority only found in Horace’s work?
no it’s found everywhere in Roman (latin) literature (eg; Quintilian,Seneca)
14)whose culture was more sophisticated ?
the Romans felt that Greece was, and thats why they felt inferior
15) who wrote “no past life has been lived to lend us glory, and that which has existed before us is not ours”?
Seneca
16) what did he mean when he said that ?
that they don't have a past to be proud of , the glory and past wasn't theirs it was Greece’s
17) who said “man who follows another not only finds nothing ; he is not even looking”
seneca in Epistulae Morales
18) what did he mean by that ?
that Rome were followers
19)what was education like in Rome?
for centuries it was simply an imitation of greek masterpieces (in literature , rhetoric , painting ..etc)
20) what did Horace advise his readers?
to imitate the greeks and never try to invent anything
21) why did he give them that piece of advice ?
because he thought their inventions would be weak and unattractive compared to the imitations.
22)why did the Romans fail to match the Greeks?
because imitation cannot produce originality
23)what were the Romans successful at ?
they were successful warriors
*rome felt inferior to Greece because they were simple and uncivilized even though they were the biggest empire in the world
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كويز أسئلة عيوش 
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11445
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