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مميزة مستوى 8 E
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المحاضرة ( 3 )
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ذي المحاضرة الي مارضت تخلص وخلتني اسحب على ام المادة 
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شرح
DoDy CooL
المحاضرة الثالثة...
تتكلم اكثرها عن افلاطون..plato
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بسم الله نبدأ
*الادب الغربي مبني على الادب اليوناني
*الافكار اليونانية اثرت على الادب الغربي والاوروبي
* اهم مفكران يونانيان هما :ا افلاطون وارسطو
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Plato
من اهم اعمالة..الجمهوريه (the Republic)
ورح نتكلم عن كتابين...Book X -10
وكتاب Book III -3
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سؤال قد جا بالاختبارات قبل...
من اللي اوجد الفروق بين التقليد والسرد؟؟؟ هوا افلاطون
Plato makes the very important distinction between Mimesis and Diagesis
(Mimesis) اللي هوا التقليد ويسمى (imitation و showing )
(Diagesis) اللي هوا السرد ويسمى (narration وtelling:)
((بصراحه لتلزق براسي قربتها للكلمة اللي تعني الحوار((Dialogue ))
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الدراما هي عبارة عن تقليد وعرض ((فكروا فيها انه تقمص شخصيات وعرض))((drama-mimesis))
المتحدث بصف 1st اللي هوا انا وانا وفعلت..الخ
القصص هي عبارة عن سرد وتحاور((عشان كذا قلت عنها فيها حوار))((stories-diagesis))
المتحدث بالصيغة الثالثه 3rd هو وهي وذلك..الخ
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مهمممم(narration may be either simple narration, or imitation, or a union of the two)
تعود هالجملة لافلاطون..جات باختبارات سايقة
انه السرد ممكن يكون سرد بسيط او تقليد او كليهما...وهالفكره انتجها افلاطون
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Plato’s n Book X of the Republic to ban poets and poetry from the city
قام افلاطون بحظر الشعر من البلاد
ليش
poetry cripple the mind..
بحجة ان الشعر يشل العقل(((للمعلومية افلاطون كان قصده عالشعر الشفوي )oral socity زي اوروبا ))
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اليونانين(Greece)) عندهم شيئين يميزهم وهوا
1- (ars) -اللي هوا معروف ب (art) لايعني فقط “Fine Arts مثل ماهو بالغرب
الفن عندهم يشمل جميع النشاطات من بينها الحرف والعلوم
includes
nhuman activities [painting, architecture, sculpture, music and poetry] and separates them from the crafts and the science
2- In the ancient world, they had poetry, tragedy
and comedy, but they were all known as “poetry.”
انه كل من التراجيدا والشعر والكويديا عنده تندرج تحت هذا المصطلحpoetry
((لذلك كان افلاطون لا يقول (الادب-او -الشعر) بل كان يستخد هذه الكلمة
poetry
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The poet that Plato describes in the Republic, , is a poet, a performer and an educator.
وصف افلاطو الشاعر بانه مثقف وممثل
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Plato analyses two aspects of poetry to prove his point: style and content
وجد ان للشعر جانبين وهما...الاسلوب والمحتوى..
وذكر قبل ان الشعر ينفع في صناعه الاغاني (song-making)
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F!X .. للأسف ماعاد كملت 
أسئلة المحاضرة
المحاضرةالثالثة ( السوال الاول )
1. There is no genre of literature that we have today that the Greeks ……….
a. Could develop
b. Didn’t develop
c. knew
d. all false
في هالسؤال يبين لنا ان ما فيه اي نوع من الادب الموجود اليوم لم يطورة اليونان من قبل
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المحاضرةالثالثة ( السوال الثاني)
Greek thought influenced, in one way or another, every single literary form that developed in Europe and the West, ………. differences between the two cultures remain significant.
a. And no
b. But the
c. But only very little
d. All false
طبعا في السوال يبين ان الافكار اليونانية اثرت بشكل او باخر علي كل شكل من اشكال الادب المتطور في اوروبا والغرب ولاكن الفروقات بين الثقافتين ظلت موجودة
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3. Greeks mean by the term Poetry:
a. Only poetry
b. Both poetry and prose
c. Every genre we know
d. All false
يقصد اليونانييون بالشعر : كل صنف نعرفه .،
يعني كل انواع الشعر .،
5. Plato‟s Critique of Poetry was:
a. Influential
b. Extremely misunderstood
c. Both
d. Neither
كان انتقاد افلاطون للشعر : كلاهما (مؤثر وغير مفهوم ) .،
6. Plato wrote dialogues and in every single one, he
addressed……….
a. Poetry
b. Philosophy
c. Politics
d. Society
افلاطون كتب عدة حوارات وفي كل وحده ذكر : الشعر .،
7. To the present, Western literature and criticism cannot
agree why Plato was so obsessed with poetry?
a. Some critics love him, some hate him.
b. They all respect him.
c. Both
d. Neither
الى وقتنا الحاضر نقاد الادب الغربي ماقدرو يعرفون ليش كان افلاطون مهووس بالشعر لكن بعضهم حبه وبعضهم كرهه لكن الكل كان يحترمه .،
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. Plato‟s most important contributions to criticism appear in
his famous dialogue……
a. The Republic
b. The Poetry
c. The Critics
d. Alexander the great
اشهر انتقاد تكلم عنه افلاطون كان في كتابه الي اسمه : ذا ريبابليك او الجمهوريه .،
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9. Plato makes the very important distinction between
Mimesis and Diagesis, two concepts that remain very
important to analyse literature even today. They are often
translated as……
a. Imitation and narration
b. Showing and telling
c. Either
d. Neither
افلاطون فرق بين المحاكاه والروايه والي يعتبرون مهمين الى يومنا هذا .، ويمكن ترجمتهم كـ : الاولى والثانيه صحيحه .، لان كلها مفردات متشابهه (اني اتكلم عن قصه وانا الي اكون فيها .، اول احكي عن قصه احد ثاني يكون فيها وانا بس انقلها) ..
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10. If someone is telling you a story,that would be:
a. Showing
b. Narration
c. Diagesis
d. Either B or C
اذا احد كان يقولي قصه فهذا يعتبر: الثنتين صح .، يكون الشخص الي يحكيلي اياها عباره عن راوي او ناقل لقصه مو له .،
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11. If I tell you the story in the first person, as if I am
Napoleon: “I sailed to Alexandria with 30 000 soldiers, and
then I marched on Cairo, etc.” That would be:
a. Imitation
b. Mimesis
c. Diagesis
d. Either A or B
اذا كنت انا الي اقول القصه بلساني انا وانا الي موجوده فيها فأسمى : الثنتين صح .، اكون انا الحاكي (معليش احنا بالعدبي ماعندنا فرق بين الراوي والحاكي بس فهمتو قصدي ان شاء الله )
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12. Drama with characters is usually………….
a. A diegesis
b. A mimesis
c. Either
d. Neither
الشخصيات الدراميه عاده تكون : محاكيه .،
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13. Stories in the third person are usually a…….
a. A diegesis
b. A mimesis
c. Either
d. Neither
القصص الي تكون بصيغه الشخص الثالث (زي لو اقول كان فيه واحد اسمه احمد راح للمكتبه ..الخ) : ناقل .،
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14. Plato was the first to explain that narration or story
telling (in Arabic al-sard) can proceed by:
a. Only narration
b. Imitation
c. Either
d. Neither
افلاطون كان اول شخص يفسر ان السرد يمكن يكون: كل الثنتين بالنقل وبالروايه (انه احد يرويها) .،
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أسئلة عيوش
lecture 3 part 1
1) what genre of literature did the Greeks develop?
they developed all genres of literature (tragedy, comedy, different forms of poetry, short stories, and novels)
2) what is Western literature based on ?
on Greek literature
3) is it the exactly the same?
no, there is a substantial amount of difference
4) Greek thought influenced Europe and the west ,did that make both cultures the same ?
no the difference between the two cultures were significant
5) who are the Greek thinkers that influenced the development of western literature?
plato and Aristotle
6) what is the word for literature in Greek?
they didn't have a word for literature they called it poetry
7)what did Plato think of poetry?
he thought it was influential and extremely misunderstood
8)what did he write ?
he wrote dialogues
9) what did he talk about in the dialogues?
poetry
10)why was he obsessed with poetry?
Western literature and criticism cannot agree
11) who wrote “The Republic”?
Plato
12) what were Plato’s most important contribution?
the first to makes the distinction between MIMESIS and DIAGESIS
to ban poets and poetry from the city.
13) what are MIMESIS and DIAGESIS translated as?
imitation and narration
14)what is imitation?
when we tell the story in first person (I want , I did…..)
15) what is narration?
telling the story in third person ( he went ,they talked…)
16) how is drama with characters normally written ?
mimesis (imitation)
17) how are stories in the third person written?
diegesis(narration)
who said” and narration may be either simple narration, or imitation, or a union of the two”?
plato
18)why is the distinction between MIMESIS and DIAGESIS important ?
it is very important for the analysis of literature
19)whats the name of plato’s book?
The Republic
20) how did people react towards plato decision to ban poets and poetry from the city?
it was difficult to explain because they valued poetry
21) what do western cultures clam that their literature based on ?
it was based on Greek antiquity
22)when do scholars finally show that the poetry that plato bands is different to the poetry and art that Europe and the west have ?
the 20th century
23) who drew attention to the fact that the Greeks did not have anything similar to the western ideas of art and literature?
Paul Kristller
lecture 3 part 2
1) what did the the term art (latin 'ars') applied to?
not todays term of fine arts , but all kinds of human activities
2)how did the ancient classify what we today call fine art ?
it was classified under science and crafts
3) what are the five major arts ?
Painting, sculpture, architecture, music and poetry
Before the 18th century the five major arts were under science and crafts
4)when is the discipline that we call literature invented?
In the 18th century
5) does Plato use the word litterateur or art?
No he uses the word poetry
6) What were poetry tragedy and comedy known as in the ancient world ?
poetry
7) give an example of the tragedian?
Sophocles, Euripdes
8) give an example of a comedian ?
Aristophanes
9) give an example of the epic poet?
Homer
10) did the Greeks call them artists ?
no they did not
11)did the Greeks call their poems and plays literature?
no, they diid not
12) what is the poet that plato describes in his book the republic?
he is a poet a performer and an educator
13)what was the source of knowledge is ancient Greece?
poetry
14) why was it the source of their knowledge ?
because they were an oral society
15) why would that matter?
for a society that doesn't have a writing system poetry becomes useful to preserve knowledge
16) why use poetry to preserve knowledge?
because poetry uses rhymes , meter and harmony and those make it easy to remember
17) what is an oral society ?
societies that don't have a system of writing
in an oral society knowledge , and customers an tradition or thought using poetry its the source of knowledge
18) why did plato see the poet as a big danger to his society ?
Literature is an interaction between a reader and a book
Oral poetry is a communal performance.
Literature is entertainment and pleasure
Oral poetry teaches science, medicine, war and peace and social values
The writer or artist of literature is a gifted individual
The poet in an oral society is a leader, an educator, a warrior, a priest
19)what did plato accuse the poetic experience of his time with ?
conditioning the citizens to imitate and repeat , the values without understanding them
20) do the poets have knowledge about the things they speak about?
[/no they are only good at song making and their knowledge is superficial
the poet produces a poor copy of the things he sings about and the listener acquires a bad education
the greek society was unjust
platos balames educators fro teaching youth to appear just and not really be just
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lecture 3 part 3
what are the colors of poetry ?
rhythm, harmony, and measure
2) what does plato analyse to prove his point?
style and content
3) where does the charm and power of poetry reside in(in plato’s opinion) ?
rhythm, harmony, and measures
4)what is the poet good at in his opinion ?
good at the aesthetic adjustment of his verses and rhythms and is actually ignorant about the content of his songs or tales
5)is the four in oral poetry only verbal?
no,it is also physical. The oral poet relies equally on gestures, movements and mimicry
6)what is their purpose?
Like the poet’s words, they divert attention from what is actually being said and only aim to impress the spectator by the skills of the delivery
7) what is the result of exposing the youth to poetry from childhood to adulthood?
The youth will be educated to rely on emotions rather than reason.
Poetry cripples the mind. It weakens the critical faculty and breeds conformity.
8)what does imitation turn into?
it grows into habits and becomes a second nature
9)why do rhythms and colourful images have a strong and powerful impact on the listener ?
they find their way into the inward places of the soul, on which they mightily fasten (plato)
10) what do excitement of physical pleasures and internal passions produce?
a neutralisation of the faculty of sense and judgement
11) what was Plato’s merit ?
he distanced himself enough from these experiences to understand that the passivity effect produced was calculated
12)is it only the naïve or the ignorant that succumb to the power of poetry ?
no plato said even “the best of us” are vulnerable to a good passage
13)Poetry creates a culture of what?
superficiality
14) what dose that mean?
People want only to “seem” just rather than “be” just.
15)why is this culture of appearances most devastating in politics and law ?
because its where material rewards and economic exploitation are great
16) why can fake appearances be of great use to politicians?
They could develop, superficial ideologies with the sole aim of control and profit
17) is the superficial culture that poetry produces equally harmful to everybody ?
no,there are those who suffer , and there are those who use and benefit
18) why do some devote themselves to the game of breeding and developing appearances and lies?
The benefits are the incentive
الكويزات للمحاضرة (3 )
النقد الادبي لayosha م3 part1 النقد الادبي لayosha م3 part2 النقد الادبي لayosha م3 part3
المحاضرة الاولى
(30) Why is Western literature and criticism connected to classical Greek and Roman cultures?
A. They share the same taste in literature
B. They share the same religion
C. Western literature is a recreation, a revival of classical literature
D. Western literature borrows mythology from the literature of classical antiquity
1/ “[A] man who follows another not only finds nothing; he is not even looking.” .. who is say it :
a-Horace
b-Quintilian
c-Seneca
2/ “Captive Greece took its wild conqueror captive”..who is say it:
a-Horace
b-Quintilian
c-Seneca
3/ what is famous dialogue by Plato:
a-the Republic
b-Poetics
c-Political
المحاضره الثانية
(31) Roman writers felt inferior to Greek culture because:
A. The Greeks had a bigger empire
B. The Greek culture was easy to understand
C. Roman was superior to Greece militarily, but inferior culturally
D. It was easier to become famous in Greece than in Rome
المحاضره الثالثة
(34) Who made the distinction between Mimesis and Diegesis?
A. Plato
B. Cicero
C. Aristotle
D. Ibn Rushd
(35) Why did Plato ban the poet from the city?
A. He was jealous
B. He doesn't like entertainment
C. Poetry cripples the mind
D. Poetry is not good for health
(36) "And narration," says Plato, can proceed by:
A. Imitation
B. Narration
C. Imitation or narration or a mixture of the two
D. By indirect speech
(37) Plato analyzed poetry as an imitation in his dialogue.
A. Phaedrus
B. Sophist
C. Ian
D. Republic
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