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شرح دودي كول


المحاضرة الرابعة


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المحاضرة تتكلم عن ارسطوو...Aristotle
ركزووواا ع هذه مفتاح لاكثر الحلول
ارسطوا ركزززز على التراجيديا
Aristotle on Tragedy
.......يعني كل شي هنتكلم عنه يخص ارسطو والتراجيديا............


بسم الله نبدا


لماذا بدأ ارسطو في الكتابه؟؟؟
لانه احب الاعمال الفلسفية
philosophical systems

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سمي في الادب الغربي بـــقيصر النقد الادبي
Western cultures as ‘czar of literary criticism,’
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Aristotle,
---كتب----Poetics,---
وشرح فيه---Tragedy,(التراجيديا)
---وعرفها--an imitation of an action that is serious-انها عباره عن تقليد جاد---
وان هذه التراجيدا تدب الرعب والخوف والشفقه للمشاهدين arousing pity and fear,
الشكل تيعها عبارة عن افعال وحركات وليس بسردthat tragedy is an imitation of action, not a narration
ويجب على اي تراجيديا ان تتكون من 6 اجزاء لجودتها--must have six parts, which parts determine its quality
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خصائص التراجيدا عند ارسطو

1- Plot:الحبكة
plot as “the arrangement of the incidents
هي ترتيب للاحداث
مهم(Plot-incidents in a cause-effect sequence of events.)
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تنقسم الـPlot الجيدة الى
The plot must be “a whole,” with a beginning, middle, and end.
انها تكو شاملة-بداية-وسط-نهاية

1-beginning,incentive moment,
البداية(اللحظة المؤثرة)

2-middle, or climax:earlier incidents
الوسط:حدثت بسبب الاحداث السابقة

3- end, or resolution:solve or resolve the problem created during the incentive moment.
النهاية: هو ايجاد الحل للمشكلة اللي حصل من اول لحظة مؤثرة(البداية)


مهم(الخطوة منbeginning الى climax تسمى بــtying u)
مهم(الخطوة منclimax الى end تسمى unraveling)

_______________
في نظر ارسطو ان اسوأ حبكة هي اللي تأتي على شكل حلقات
According to Aristotle, the worst kinds of plots are “‘episodic,’
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العنصر الثاني من التراجيديا

2-. Character: " الشخصيهٌ "
*تدعم الحبكة
Character should support the plot

*ارستقراطي
the hero should be an aristocrat

*واقعي قابل للتصديق
“true to life” - he/she should be realistic and believable.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
العنصر الثالث من التراجيديا

3-Thought: الفِكر
themes of a play موضوعات المسرحية

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4-Diction " الأسلوب في الالقاء
“the expression of the meaning in words”
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5-Song, or melody الاغنية واللحن
the musical element العنصر الموسيقي
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The end of the tragedy is a katharsis-purgation
في نهاية المحاضرة,katharsis بمعنى purgation وهي التطهير



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أسئلة عيوش



lecture 4 part 1


1)what was Aristotle considered to be ?
very easy compared to Plato

2)who was easier to incorporate in Western literary and philosophical systems ?

Aristotle

3)what is the foundation of artistic, dramatic and literary practice ?
Aristotle’s analysis of Tragedy in the Poetics

4) what do western scholars who dislike Plato’s discussion of poetry think of Aristotle ?
they are usually full of praise for Aristotle

5)who said “When Aristotle comes to challenge his great master and speaks up for art, his attitude to the work of imitation is altogether more respectful.” ?
John Jones

6) who is meant by great master?
Plato

7) who said “One must keep in mind Plato’s devaluation of mimesis in order to appreciate the impact of the repairs Aristotle undertook.” ?
Wolfgang Iser

8) what did he mean by mimesis?
art

9) what did Aristotle repair?
what Plato destroyed

10) who said “Plato is known to have had shifting opinions on art depending on whether he thought art was useful for or detrimental to his ideal state. Aristotle’s was also an aesthetics of effect, but a more enlightened and dehumanised one.” ?
Theodor Adorno


11)what is Aristotle considered to be in Western cultures ?
the unchallenged authority on poetry and literature

12) who is the ‘czar of literary criticism”?
Aristotle

13) who said that Aristotle was the ‘czar of literary criticism”?
Gerald Else

14) who wrote The Poetics ?
Aristotle

15) what is The Poetics considered to be ?
it has for centuries functioned as the most authoritative book of literary criticism

16) what is the Bible of literary criticism ?
The Poetics

17) what is tragedy ?
is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude

18)there are several kinds of artistic ornaments found in plays ,what is their form?
action , not narrative .

19)what do tragedies arouse?
pity and fear

20) how many parts do we have to determine the quality of a Tragedy ?
6 parts

21) what are the parts ?
plot - characters - diction - thought - spectacle - melody

22)what is tragedy ? مو إعاده في عدة تعاريف و صفات للتراجدي
it is the “imitation of an action (mimesis) according to the law of probability or necessity

22) who said Tragedy “shows” you an action rather than “tells” you about it?
Aristotle

23) why does a Tragedy arouses pity and fear ?
The audience identifies with the characters, feels their pain and their grief and rejoices at their happiness.


24) what is the first principle of the Tragedy ?
the plot

25) what is a plot?
Aristotle defines plot as “the arrangement of the incidents.”

26) is Aristotle talking about the story itself?
no he’s talking about the way the incidents are presented to the audience, the structure of the play

27) in what sequence is the plot arranged?
cause-effect sequence

28) tragedies where the outcome depends on a tightly constructed cause-and-effect chain of actions are superior to what ?
superior to those that depend primarily on the character and personality of the hero/protagonist

29)what must the plot be ?
a whole

30) what does a whole mean ?
it should have a beginning, middle, and end

31) what is the beginning called?
incentive moment

32) what does the incentive moment start ?
the cause-and-effect chain


33) what is the middle called?
the climax

34) what causes the climax?
it is caused by earlier incidents and itself causes the incidents that follow it

بعض المعلومات من شرح الدكتور



lecture 4 part 2

what is the end called ?
the resolution

2) what causes the resolution ?
it’s caused by the preceding events but doesn’t lead to other incidents

3) what does the resolution do?
The resolution should therefore solve or resolve the problem created during the incentive moment

4) what does Aristotle call the cause-and-effect chain leading from the incentive moment to the climax ?
the tying up

5) what is “tying up “called in modern terminology?
the complication

6) what does he call the cause-and-effect chain from the climax to the resolution ?
the unravelling

7) what is “unravelling” called in modern terminology?
dènouement

8) what should the plot be?
complete and should have unity of action

9) what does Aristotle mean by that ?
that the plot must be structurally self-contained, with the incidents bound together by internal necessity, each action leading inevitably to the next with no outside intervention


9)what are the worst kind of plots ,according to Aristotle?
episodic

10)what does episodic mean?
which the episodes or acts succeed one another without probable or necessary sequence”

11)what ties the events together in that kind of plot?
the fact that they happen to the same person

12) what should playwrights and poets stay away from ?
coincidence and the irrational


The plot must be “of a certain magnitude,” both quantitatively (length, complexity) and qualitatively (“seriousness” and universal significance).

13)what are some characteristics that Aristotle thinks the plot should have or don't have ?

should not be too brief
should have a lot on incidents and themes
those incidents and themes should be brought together in organic unity
it should be universal and significant

14) what is the result of having more incidents and themes?
the greatness the artistic value and richness of the play increases

15) what is the result of if being universal and significant ?
it can catch and hold the emotions of the audience

16)what should the character support ?
the plot

17)what should the personal motivation of the characters be connected to?
it should be an intricately connected part of the cause-and-effect chain of actions that produce pity and fear in the audience .




18) what qualities should characters in tragedy’s have ?

“good or fine” - the hero should be an aristocrat
• “true to life” - he/she should be realistic and believable.
• “consistency” - Once a character's personality and motivations are established, these should continue throughout the play.
• “necessary or probable” - must be logically constructed according to “the law of probability or necessity” that govern the actions of the play.
• “true to life and yet more beautiful,” - idealized, ennobled.

19) what does Aristotle say about thought ?
Aristotle says little about thought ,what he has to say is associated with how speeches should reveal character

20) what would this category include ?
the themes of a play.

21) what is Diction ?
Diction is “the expression of the meaning in words” which are proper and appropriate to the plot, characters, and end of the tragedy

22) what is Aristotle interested in?
metaphors

23) who says the following “the greatest thing by far is to have a command of metaphor; . . . it is the mark of genius, for to make good metaphors implies an eye for resemblances.” ?
Aristotle

24) what is “song”?
Song, or melody is the musical element of the chorus

25) what is Aristotle’s point of view on it?
1)the Chorus should be fully integrated into the play like an actor
2)should not be “mere interludes,” but should contribute to the unity of the plot


26) what is the least future connected to literature ?
Spectacle

27) what does the production of Spectacle effects depend on ?
more on the art of the stage machinist than on that of the poet

28) what does Aristotle think of using Spectacle?
he argues that superior poets rely on the inner structure of the play rather than spectacle to arouse pity and fear


29) who said the following those who rely heavily on spectacle “create a sense, not of the terrible, but only of the monstrous.” ?
Aristotle

30) what is Katharsis ?
an Aristotelian term that has generated considerable debate

31)what does Katharsis mean ?
purging

32)what is it’s purpose?
the aesthetic pleasure one gets from contemplating the pity and fear that are aroused through an intricately constructed work of art



الكويزات



النقد الادبي لayosha م4 part1
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11462

النقد الادبي لayosha م4 part2
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11464

Literary Criticism (أسئلة شامله للمنهج )#4