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مميزة مستوى 8 E
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المحاضرة ( 5 )
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شرح دودي كول
المحاضرة الخامسة...
مثل ماذكرنا قبل....
الروم يسمى بـــــــالثقافة التراثية(ROME ----A MUSEUM CULTURE)
اليونان يسمى بـــــــالثقافة حية(GREECE ----A LIVING CULTURE)
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ورح نتوسع في الرومان والاشخاص اللي اتبعوا ارسطو وافلاطون
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1-Horace:هوراس(((((له جملة من قبل اتمنى ماتكونوا نسيتوها))) المحاضرة 1
*شاعر روماني He was a poet
*was not a philosopher-critic like Plato or Aristotle
لم يكن ناقد فيلسوفي مثل ارسطو وافلاطون
*In Ars Poetica:"إسم قصيدٌته "
*كان يخبر ان المسرحية يجب ان تتكون من 5 مقاطع لا اكثر ولا اقل
that a play should not be shorter or longer than five acts
*كان يتمتع بالادراك.sensibility”..لكي يفرق بين الذوق الراقي والذوق المبتذل
allows him to separate what he calls “sophisticated” tastes from the “vulgar
*كان يريد من الرومان ونصحهم بتقليد اليونانين
wants Roman poets to imitate are the Greeks.
*ونصح بان تكون قصصهم قابلة للتصديق
tales believable
* كتب “Letter to Augustus والذي يظهر فيها كراهيته للثقافة الشعبيه
hatred of the popular culture
*وصف الثقافة الاغريقية بالانيقة
Greek culture (books) with “elegance”
ووصف الثقافة الشعبية يالسم
popular culture of his own time with “venom.”
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2-كوينتيلنتانQuintilian
*يعتبر المعلم الرائد في الخطابة عند الروم
the leading teacher of rhetoric in Rome
*حذر من التقليد ووصفها بالخطيرة
But imitation is also dangerous:
*ان هذا التقليد علامة للكسل العقلي
“It is the sign of a lazy mentality
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3-Seneca سينيكا ((((له جملتين من قبل اتمنى ماتكونوا نسيتوها))) المحاضرة 1
bees produce honey
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Latin authors
((قبل ماندخل في شرحهم!!!تتذكروهم ان تكلمنا عنهم قبل.؟؟
المؤلفين اللاتنين الروم اللذين عن طريقهم عرفت اوروبا بالاغريق
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نرجع
Latin authors المؤلفين اللاتنين
استخدموا الشعر والادب عشان شيئين:
used poetry and literature for two things only
1- لتحسين البلاغة----To improve eloquence
2-لغناء الامجاد الوطنية لروما -------To sing the national glories of Rome
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ذي صورة هوراس 
احس لاشفت خشة الواحد فيهم أقدر استحمل خثاريقه 
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أسئلة عيوش 
lecture 5 part 1
was homer’s poetry in books?
no,it was an oral culture that people sang
where did people sing it ?
in the street and in the market place, in weddings and funerals, in war and in peace
3) what did Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides write ?
great Greek tragedies
4) were the plays read in books?
no, they were performances and shows that people attended
5) where did they attended these plays?
at the tragic festival every year
6)what was Greek culture?
a “living culture”
7) where did it come from?
it sprang from people’s everyday life
8)who participated in the production and consumption of this culture?
All the Greeks old and young, aristocrats and commoners, literate and illiterate
9) what happened to Greek culture in ancient Rome?
it became books that had no connection to everyday life and to average people.
10) did Romans speak Greek?
no they did not
11) did they have knowledge of Greek culture and their books?
no they did not
12) did every one get to read Greek books?
Only a small, educated minority had the ability to interact with these books.
13) why?
It was a dead culture, past, remote, and with no connections to the daily existence of the majority of the population
14) what was the Greek culture in Rome ?
a “museum” culture Some aristocrats used it to show off, but it did not inspire the present
15) why did Roman literature and criticism emerge?
as an attempt to imitate that Greek culture that was now preserved in books
16) why did the Romans engage the culture of Greece ?
they reproduced the books
17) who made the distinction “Living Culture” (in Greece) and “Monument culture” (in Rome )?
Florence Dupont
18)what is Ars Poetica?
a poem
19) who wrote Ars Poetica?
horace
20) what was Very influential in shaping European literary and artistic tastes ?
Ars Poetica
21) was horace a philosopher-critic ?
no he was not
22) were Plato or Aristotle philosopher-critics ?
yes they were
23) what was horace?
He was a poet writing advice in the form of poems
24) why?
to try to improve the artistic effort of his contemporaries
25)how should plays be written in his opinion ?
a comic subject should not be written in a tragic tone, and vice versa.
26) what advise does he give them?
not to present anything excessively violent or monstrous on stage,
27) what is a deus ex machine ?
a special effects machine
28) when did horace think it should be used ?
it should not be used unless absolutely necessary
29) how long does horace think a play should be?
should not be shorter or longer than five acts
30) what was horace’s opinion on the chorus?
should not sing between the acts anything which has no relevance to or cohesion with the plot
31) what is art or poetry ?
it should teach and please
32) what should the poem be conceived as by the writer ?
a form of static beauty similar to a painting
lecture 5 part 2
1) what was at the centre of Horace's ideas ?
sensibility
2) who said the following “neither the ability nor the knowledge to keep the duly assigned functions and tones” of poetry should not be “hailed as a poet.”?
Horace’s
3) where was this principle announced ?
in line 86 of the Ars Poetica
4) is that the only place we see it ?
no it is assumed everywhere in Horace’s writing
5) who does Horace mean when he talks about the laws of composition and style, his model of excellence that he wants Roman poets to imitate ?
the Greeks
6) what do we mean by “sophisticated” tastes?
Greek books
7) what do we mean by the “vulgar?
the rustic and popular
8) what tool does Horace us to separate the two ?
sensibility”
9)who said “I hate the profane crowd and keep it at a distance,”?
Horace
10) how did Horace feel about the popular culture of his day?
he hated it
11) where can we see that ?
is apparent in his “Letter to Augustus”
12) what is Latium ?
latin
13) in his letter to Augustus what does he mean by venom?
Roman culture
14)what brought the Romans to Greece?
a relationship of force and conquest
15) what do we mean by As soon as Greece was captive, however, it held its conqueror captive?
it captivated them with its nicely preserved culture (books
16) how does Horace feel about everyday culture ?
Horace shows prejudice to the culture of everyday people
17)did he know that the culture in the greece books was itself popular culture?
no he did not
18)what did Horace equate the preserved Greek culture (books) with?
elegance
19) what did he equate the popular culture of his own time with?
venom
20)was Horace alone in this hatred of the popular culture?
no,hatred of the popular culture of his day was widespread among Latin authors
21)what did poetry mean for Horace and his contemporaries?
it meant written monuments that would land the lucky poet’s name on a library shelf next to the great Greek names
22) who said “I will not die entirely,” , “some principal part of me yet evading the great Goddess of Burials?
Horace
23) what was That great part of him?
his books
24) was Horace’s poetic practice rooted in everyday life?
no to was not
25) was Greek poetry rooted in everyday life ?
yes it was
26)why did Horace read and reread the Iliad?
in search of, as he put it, what was bad what was good, what was useful, and what was not
27)what cultures would divide future European societies?
“official” and “popular”
28) who started them?
Horace
29) what can we say about the “duly assigned functions and tones” of poetry that Horace spent his life trying to make poets adhere to?
they were a mould for an artificial poetry with intolerant overtone
30) what are Horace’s ideas on poetry based on?
an artificial distinction between a “civilized” text-based culture and a “vulgar” oral one
31) are those distinctions accepted today ?
no they are not
32)what does Horace urge the Romans to do ?
to imitate the Greeks and follow in their footsteps
33)who said “Study Greek models night and day?
Horace
34) where did he say that ?
in the Ars Poetica
بعض المعلومات من شرح الدكتور
lecture 5 part 3
what is the contradiction in Horace’s idea ?
Horace wants Roman authors to imitate the Greeks night and day and follow in their footsteps, but he does not want them to be mere imitators
2) what was his solution for this ?
only a set of metaphors with no practical steps (stay away from the round and vulgar)
3)can you see the same contradiction in Horace’s poetry ?
yes you can
4) who wrote the “Epistle to Maecenas “?
Horace
5) what does he complain about in the Epistle to Maecenas?
the slavish imitators who ape the morals and manners of their betters
6) who are their betters ?
the greeks
7)In the process of following and imitating the Greeks, Horace differentiates himself from what ?
those who “mimic” the ancients and slavishly attempt to reproduce them
8) what did he think of that kind of imitation ?
he did not have much esteem for that kind of imitation and saw his own practice to be different
9) who said “I was the first to plant free footstep on a virgin soil; I walked not where others trod. ?
Horace
10)In imitating the Greeks, Horace claims originality is this accurate?
the bold claim he makes of walking on virgin soil strongly contradicts the implied detail that the soil was not virgin, since Greek predecessors had already walked it
11) who said the precise nature of what Horace claims to have brought back from his “walk” is not clear “?
Thomas Greene
12) what does Horace advises the aspirant poet in Ars Poetica ?
to make his tale believable
13)who said “If you want me to cry, mourn first yourself, then your misfortunes will hurt me” ?
Horace
14) what does he mean by make the tale believable ?
If you depict a coward, Horace advises, make the depiction close to a real person who is a coward
But Horace only had a stylistic feature in mind.
15) who said Horace could not even think of poetry, all poetry, as an imitation, the way the idea is expressed in Book X of the Republic, or in Aristotle’s Poetics ?
Craig La Drière
16)Horace’s ideas about imitating the Greeks and about poetry imitating real life models were both what?
imprecise
17) what affect will they have on Europe?
they will become very influential in shaping European art and literature
18) what did Horace use the principles of taste and “sensibility for?
to distinguish what he thought was “civilized” from “uncivilized” poetry
*19) what will those principals be instrumental in shaping ?
instrumental in shaping the European distinction between official high culture and popular low one
20)Horace’s ideas helped form the conception of what ?
literature and poetry as national monuments and trophies
21) Poetry in Horace’s text was subordinated to what ?
to oratory and the perfection of self-expression
22) who is reduced to classroom examples of correct speaking for rhetoricians to practice with ?
Homer and Sophocles
23)what does the idea of following the Greeks result in in the opinion of
Thomas Greene ?
it magnified the temporal and cultural distance with them
24) who wrote Institutio Oratoria ?
Quintilian
25) Quintilian was the leading teacher of what ?
the leading teacher of rhetoric in Rome
26) when was this?
From 68 to 88 C.E
27)why did he write the Institutio ?
to help in the training of orators
Sometimes Quintilian justifies the imitation of the Greeks , but still thinks its dangerous
28) what are the two contradictory positions Quintilian advocates ?
1)that progress could be achieved only by those who refuse to follow, hence the undesirability of imitating the Greeks
2)Quintilian continues to advocate imitation, and goes on to elaborate a list of precepts to guide writers to produce “accurate” imitations
29) who said The imitator should consider carefully whom to imitate and he should not limit himself to one model only?
Quintilian
30)what did Seneca do ?
he singled out the process of transformation that takes place when bees produce honey or when food, after it is eaten, turns into blood and tissue
31) what did Seneca explore ?
the process of mollification and its chemistry
32)Latin authors never discuss poetry or literature as an imitation (mimesis) but as what ?
as an imitation of the Greeks
33)why aren't Latin authors familiar with Plato’s and Aristotle’s analysis of poetry ?
The Poetics or Republic III and X do not seem to have been available to the Romans
34)Latin authors used poetry and literature for two things , what are they ?
- To improve eloquence
- To sing the national glories of Rome and show off its culture.
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الكويزات للمحاضرة ( 5 )
النقد الادبي لayosha م5 part1
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11511
النقد الادبي لayosha م5 part2
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11512
النقد الادبي لayosha م5 part3
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11513
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