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مميزة مستوى 8 E
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محاضرة ( 14 )
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يووووووه خلصناااااااااااااااااااااا 
شرح دودي كول 
المحاضرة 14
Marxist Literary Criticism
النقد الادبي الماركسي
Karl Marx
*born 1818 in Rhineland. وُلد كارل ماركس عام 1818 ف راينٌلاند
*Known as “The Father of Communism.” عُرف كأب الشّيوٌُعيةٌّ
*Marx died in 1883 مات في 1883
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Base-Superstructure
من اهم افكار ماركس
The Base: The material conditions of life, economic relations, labor, capita
القاعدة:هي الالظروف المادية بالحياة..الاقتصاد..العلااقات
The Superstructure: This is what today is called ideology
الفوقية:هي الايدولوجي
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قال ماركس بأن الظروف المادية هي التي تحدد ضمائر الناس
Marx said that it is people’s material conditions that determines their consciousness
مهم جا في اختبار سابق
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Marx and Engels were political philosophers
ماركس وانقلز كانو فلاسفة سياسيين
مهم جا في اختبار سابق
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من افكار ماركس:
بانه لايمكن فهم الادب من (روايات ومسرحيات) خارج الظروف الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والعلاقات والايدلوجيات
Literary products (novels, plays, etc) cannot be understood outside of the economic conditions, class relations and ideologies of their time.
مهم جا في اختبار سابق
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تم بحمد الله
أسئلة عيوش 
lecture 14
1)when and where was karl Marx born?
1818 in Rhineland
2)what was he known as?
“The Father of Communism.”
3) the was the “Communist Correspondence League” ?
1847
4)when was The “League” disbanded ?
1852
5)when did Marx die?
1883
6)what was on of karl Marx’s greatest ideas?
base-superstructure
7) who came up with the idea that history was made of two main forces ?
Marx
8) what are the two main forces?
The Base
The Superstructure
9) what is the base?
The material conditions of life, economic relations, labor, capital, etc
10) what is the superstructure ?
This is what today is called ideology or consciousness and includes, ideas, religion, politics, history, education, etc
11) who said it is people’s economic conditions that determines the ideas and ideologies that they hold ?
marx
Note: Ibn Khaldoun says the same thing in the Muqaddimah
12)Marxist criticism analyzes literature in terms of what?
historical conditions which produce it while being aware of its own historical conditions
13)what is the goal of Marxist criticism ?
to “explain the literary works more fully, paying attention to its forms, styles, and meanings- and looking at them as products of a particular history
14) what should the best literature reflect?
the historical dialectics of its time
15) what does it mean to understand literature?
understanding the total social process of which it is part
16)how do we understand ideology, and literature as ideology ?
must analyze the relations between different classes in society.
17) what is ideology ?
a set of ideas
18)Literary products (novels, plays, etc) cannot be understood outside of what ?
the economic conditions, class relations and ideologies of their time
19)Truth is not eternal but what?
institutionally created
20) give an example ?
“private property” is not a natural category but is the product of a certain historical development and a certain ideology at a certain time in history
21)what are Art and Literature ?
commodities (consumer products
22)what are Art and Literature ?
Reflections of ideological struggle and can themselves be central to the task of ideology critique
23) what are the main schools of marxism?
Classical Marxism: The work of Marx and Engels
Early Western Marxism
Late Marxism
24) when did Classical Marxist criticism flourish?
in the period from the time of Marx and Engels to the Second World War
25) what do they consider the main forces of historical development ?
materialism, economic determinism, class struggle, surplus value, reification, proletarian revolution and communism
26) what were Marx and Engels ?
political philosophers
27) what did the few comments they made on literature enabled people after them to build ?
a Marxist theory of literature
28)Marx and Engels were more concerned with what in literature?
contents rather than the form
29)why?
because to them literary study was more politically oriented and content was much more politically important
30) when did literary form have a place?
when it served their political purposes
31)who was the first western Marxist ?
Georg Lukács
32)what did he insist on?
on the traditional Marxist reflectionist theory
33) what is the the traditional Marxist reflectionist theory ?
Superstructure as a reflection of the base
34)who was attacking the traditional Marxist reflectionist theory?
the formalists in the fifties
35)who wrote “Discourse in the Novel” ?
Bakhtin
36) when?
1930s
37) who like Lukács tried to define the novel as a literary from in terms of Marxism ?
Bakhtin
38) what does he say about the discourse of the novel ?
it’s is dialogical
39) what does that mean?
that it is not tyrannical and one-directional. It allows dialogue
40)what is the discourse of poetry ?
monological tyrannical and one-directional
41) what does the laughter in the Medieval Carnival represent?
“the voice of the people ‘
42) where was that said?
In Rabelais and His World
43)when was the Frankfurt School of Marxism founded ?
1923 at the “Institute of Social Research” in the University of Frankfurt, Germany
44)who were some of the members ?
Max Hirkheimer, Thoedor Adorno, Walter Benjamin, Erich Fromm and Herbert Marcuse, Louis Althussser, and Raymond Williams
45) what are some distinctive features of the Frankfurt School ?
independence of thought, interdisciplinarity and openness for opposing views
46)who said There were at least three forms of Marxism: the writings of Karl Marx, the systems developed by later Marxists out of these writings, and Marxisms popular at given historical moments ?
Raymond Williams
47) who said There were two Marxisms, one being the Marxian System developed by Karl Marx himself, and the other being its later development of various kind ?
Fredric Jameson
48)In his Grundrisse, Karl Marx sees the abstract not as a lofty esoteric notion but as what?
a kind of rough sketch of a thing
49) why is the notion of money abstract?
because it is no more than a bare, preliminary outline of the actual reality.
50)who makes the makes of supposing that the concrete is simple and the abstract is complex ?
the Anglo-Saxon
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