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Structuralism

: x Gennette analyzes three main aspects of the narrative discourse
1Time: Order, Duration, Frequency
(?2Mood: Distance (Mimesis vs. Diegesis), Perspective (the question who sees
(?3Voice: Levels of narration (the question who speaks

1The time of the story: The time in which the story happens
2The time of the narrative: The time in which the story is told/narrated

Anachronies happen whenever a narrative stops the chronological order in order to bring
(events or information from the past (of the time zero) or from the future (of the time zero


[table=50%][tr=tcat][td]Prolepsis[/td][td]Analepsis[/td][/tr][tr=alt1][td]The narrator anticipates events that will occur after the point in time in which the story has stops.[/td][td]The narrator recounts after the fact an event that took place earlier than the moment in which the narrative is stopped.[/td][/tr][tr=alt2][td]ccan arouse the reader's curiosity by partially revealing facts that will surface later[/td][td]often take on an explanatory role, developing a character's psychology by relating events from his past[/td][/tr][/table]

:x Mood
x all narrative is necessarily diegesis (telling). It can only achieve an illusion of mimesis (showing) by making the story real, alive and vivid.
x Mimesis, for Gennete is only a form of diegesis, showing is only a form of telling
x The only imitation (mimesis) possible in literature is the imitation of words, where the exact words uttered can be repeated/reproduced/imitated.


: x Distance and Perspective
1Narrative of Events:Always a diegesis, that is, a transcription of the non-verbal into the verbal
: 2Narrative of Words : The only form of mimesis that is possible
A - Narrated speech: the most distant and reduced ,exact uttered speech
B - Transposed speech: in indirect style ,mixture of uttered and narrated speech
C - Reproduced speech: The most mimetic form is where the narrator pretends that the character is speaking and not the narrator


: x Narrative Perspective
x Perspective: is the second mode of regulating information
x Traditional criticism, says Gennete, confuses two different issues (narrative voice and narrative .perspective) under the question of Point of View

:x three kinds of focalization
1Zero focalization: The narrator knows more than the characters. He may know the facts about all of the protagonists, as well as their thoughts and gestures. This is the traditional "omniscient narrator".
2Internal focalization: The narrator knows as much as the focal character. This character filters the information provided to the reader, and the narrator does not and cannot access or report the thoughts of other characters.
3External focalization: The narrator knows less than the characters. He acts a bit like a camera lens, following the protagonists' actions and gestures from the outside; he is unable to guess their thoughts. Again, there is restriction.

x Focalization: means, primarily, a limitation, a limit on the capacity of the narrator to “see” and “report.” If the narrator wants to be seen as reliable, then he/she has to recognize and respect that he cannot be everywhere and know everything