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أكـاديـمـي
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رد: طلباتك لكل ما يختص بهذا القسم
lecture 2
· We are going to discuss the first five chapters
· We are going to focus on يركز علىtwo topicsمواضيع in the handout :
A. Dialogue- page 130
B. Irony- page 108- 114
· What are the main characters in the novel?
We have the family of the Bennets- Mr. and Mrs. Bennet. They have 5 daughters.
· Jane is the most beautiful- she is the eldest
· Elizabeth is the smartest- cleverest – she may be consideredيعتبر the female protagonist البطلةof the novel –
· Mary- a bookish girlتقرأ كثير- she always reads books-
· Lydiais the youngest and the tallest- She is foolish.
· Kitty – has a weak personalityشخصية ضعيفة. We do not know something specificمحدد about her.
· Mr. Bingley is the friend of Mr. Darcy. He is a new comerقادم - a new arrival coming to that place.
· Mr. Darcy is the male protagonist.
· We have other neighborsالجيران; Mrs. Long, the Lucas family= Sir Lucas, his wife and his daughter- Charlotte. She is very close to Elizabeth. They are very close friends.
The opening chapters of the novel are offering usتقدم an exposition. They are telling us about the major characters, about the main situation. They introduce يقدمthe themes.
We meet the main characters in the first five chapters.
This part is called the exposition stage; A stage in which we know the major situation and the main themes.
Jane Austin is using a narrative techniqueأسلوب روائي.
Chapter 1 is very short. She is using the technique of the third person narration.
We can take chapter one as an example of the narrative technique.
Chapter 1
IT IS A TRUTH universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.
However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighborhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered as the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters.
The first sentence in the novel is one of the most important first sentences in the English literature in general.
It is the third person narrative technique. Mrs. Bennet is not talking about herself. She is giving us a universal statementكلام عام.
She says that it is a must for a single man who has money to be in want of a wife. It is as if she is stating a lawتقرر قانون.
It is not Mrs. Bennet who is speaking- it is the narrator persona talking to us and giving us a general statement about the fact of life.
She is talking bout humanityالإنسانية in general. Every human being knows that a young rich gentleman must be in need بحاجة إلىfor a wife.
It is considered third person narration. Sometimes we have the technique of third person narration in the form of authorial commentaryتعليق من المؤلف. The author is commenting on the general facts of life.
In this novel we have the narrative technique in the form of authorial commentary through what is called the third person narration.
We have another technique- that is the dialogue.
At the beginning of chapter1, we have authorial commentary. The author is commenting on the state of things- how it is human natureالطبيعة الإنسانية that people believe. She wants to tell us that people believe that if there is a rich young man who is single, then he needs to get married.
She is commenting on the beliefs معتقداتof people- not as she herself as Jane Austin believes- it is something universally acknowledged. شئ معترف به بشكل عام
My dear Mr. Bennet,” said his lady to him one day, “have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?”
Mr. Bennet replied that he had not. “But it is,” returned she, “for Mrs. Long has just been here, and she told me all about it.”
Mr. Bennet made no answer.
“Do you not want to know who has taken it?” cried his wife, impatiently.
“You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it.”
Here, we have a dialogue- a conversation between Mr. and Mrs. Bennet. It is a long conversation. It stops at the end of chapter 1.
Depend upon it, my dear, that when there are twenty I will visit them all.” Mr. Bennet was so odd a mixture of quick tarts, sarcastic humor, reserve, and caprice, that the experience of three-and-twenty years had been insufficient to make his wife understand his character. Her mind was less difficult to develop. She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper. When she was discontented, she fancied herself nervous. The business of her life was to get her daughters married; its solace was visiting and news.
The dialogue ends. It is authorial commentaryتعليق المؤلف. She is commenting, talking about the characters of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet.
The dialogue between them is also telling us about the characters but she wants to add her comment about the characters.
She is telling us that these two people have been married for only 23 years. She is making fun of them. She is saying that 23 years of marriage is not a long time. It did not give Mrs. Bennet a chance to understand her husband. She is a very silly سخيفand foolish woman. The only business of her life is to get her daughter married. The only pleasure and comfort of her life is to go visiting and to gossipالنميمة with the neighborsالجيران.
Words are very concise. They are not extensive wordsممتد. They are telling us many things about Mrs. Bennet. She is a silly woman. She can not understand her husband after living with him for 23 years. She still can not know what he likes and what he dislikes.
In chapter 1, we have two techniques:
· We have the authorial commentary in the form of the technique of third person narration.
· We have the dialogue. Characters are talking directly. We get to know them by hearing them directly.
The beginning and the end of the chapter are authorial commentaries. Between them, we have a dialogue.
Sometimes we call Jane Austin's novels dramatic novels because we have the dialogue which is supposed to be من المفترضthe essential part جزء اساسيof drama- not of a novel.
Jane Austin cares much about the dialogue. She writes dialogue as much as commentary- sometimes, the dialogue is more than the commentary.
In chapter 1, the lines of the dialogue are longer than the commentary. That is why we call her a dramatic novelist.
In the handout we find the dramatic development of the novel. Jane Austin is very near to drama. It is said that she understands human nature in the same manner بنفس الطريقةas Shakespeare. All the time, critics are comparingيقارن Jane Austin to Shakespeare. They say that these two writers understand human nature very well.
The dialogue is very important in the novel
ýRead the part about the dialogue in your handout
The dialogue between the husband and the wife is a very witty ذكىdialogue. It tells us many things about them.
“My dear Mr. Bennet,” said his lady to him one day, “have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?”
Mr. Bennet replied that he had not. “But it is,” returned she, “for Mrs. Long has just been here, and she told me all about it.”
Mr. Bennet made no answer.
“Do you not want to know who has taken it?” cried his wife, impatiently.
“You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it.”
This was invitation enough.
“Why, my dear, you must know, Mrs. Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England; that he came down on Monday in a chaise-and-four to see the place, and was so much delighted with it that he agreed with Mr. Morris immediately; that he is to take possession before Michaelmas, and some of his servants are to be in the house by the end of next week.”
“What is his name?”
“Bingley.”
“Is he married or single?”
“Oh, single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune—four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!”
“How so? How can it affect them?”
“My dear Mr. Bennet,” replied his wife, “how can you be so tiresome? You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.”
“Is that his design in settling here?”
“Design? nonsense, how can you talk so! But it is very likely that he may fall in love with one of them, and therefore you must visit him as soon as he comes.”
“I see no occasion for that. You and the girls may go, or you may send them by themselves, which perhaps will be still better; for as you are as handsome as any of them, Mr. Bingley may like you the best of the party.”
The house in Netherfield Park is rented يؤجرby Mr. Bingley.
Mr. Bennet knows that his wife is very talkativeكثير الكلام- once she has started, she will never stop.
The wife is silly and talkative. She knows everything. She is giving a full report. She does not only that the house is being rented, but she also knows the man who rents it, his originأصله- that he is coming from the north of England where he comes from, that he is rich. He has a carriage drawnتجرها by four horses.
He pretends يتظاهرnot to understand his wife.
All the time when we are reading Jane Austin's novels, we find that there is reference إشارة الىto the theme of social decorumالذوق الاجتماعي= the certain formal rules of society.
The time of Jane Austin is the late 18th and early 19th century English society- that everything has to have very complex rulesقواعد معقدة.
We have many mentions of the dances. Dances had certain formal rulesقواعد رسمية . This is part of the social decorum during the time of Jane Austin.
There were very strict دقيق- قاسىrules about the society. When a new neighbor comes to live in a place, his neighbors should visit him. Then he has to return the visit. This is what will happen in the novel. Mr. Bennet will go to visit Mr. Bingley without telling his wife to tease herيغيظ. Mr. Bingley will come to return the visit. The man can not be seen by the women of the house. The ladies of the house are not supposedمن المفترض to meet him. The next rule is that the father is supposed to invite him to come to dinner. During dinner, he can make the acquaintance يتعرفof the ladies of the house. So, if they met at the ballحفل راقص- the dancing party, they will already know each other. Otherwise, they can not dance with him.
Mrs. Bennet insists that her husband must go and visit Mr. Bingley to make acquaintance with him. If he does not do that, Mr. Bingley may be getting acquainted يتعرف عليwith the neighbors جيرانbefore getting acquainted with her daughters.
Part of this social decorumالذوق الاجتماعي, beside the movement of the dance, every woman should dance with a man. A woman can ask a man for the first dance but not for the second. A woman can not dance with the same man twice in the same party.
In the ball, Jane will be asked twice by Mr. Bingley. Every body will be talking. On the other hand, Darcy will refuse to dance with Elizabeth. Both of them are free- not dancing with any one. the polite thing to do is to go and ask her to dance, but he will not do this. She understands that as a sign of pride and arrogance تكبر- غرورon the part of Darcy. Every body will talk about his arrogance- that he is not as pleasant as Bingley.
Chapter 2
We are going to meet the whole family- few weeks later.
We find that some daughters have certain traits. Jane is beautiful and sweet. Elizabeth is smart and clever. There is nothing about Kitty. Mary is bookish-
She seems wise- sometimes she says wise things but she is foolish. She is still young, does not have experience. She thinks that because she is reading books, comments on things, she thinks that she is better than her sisters.
Elizabeth is the only smart daughter. All the others are silly and ignorantجاهل. Her father prefers her. She seems to be the favorite of her father. The youngest- Lydia is the favorite of the mother. Her personality is like that of the mother.
Mr. Bingley does not have a wife. He has two sisters- One is married, the other is not married- Miss Bingley. She is going to stay with her brother in the house. She is going to over look تلاحظthe servants. He has a close friend- Mr. Darcy. They are friends, but they are totally different.
There is a dancing party. Parties are very important social events.
During the party, Bingley dances twice with Jane. It causes gossipنميمة among people.
At one dance, Elizabeth is standing- not dancing with any one.
Bingley asks Darcy to dance with her, but Darcy will not agree. Elizabeth overhears this dialogue.
The dialogue causes most of the events of the plot later on. It is the bases يعتمد علىupon which the whole plot is constructed onيؤسس.
Come, Darcy,” said he, “I must have you dance. I hate to see you standing about by yourself in this stupid manner. You had much better dance.”
“I certainly shall not. You know how I detest it, unless I am particularly acquainted with my partner. At such an assembly as this, it would be insupportable. Your sisters are engaged, and there is not another woman in the room whom it would not be a punishment to me to stand up with.”
“I would not be so fastidious as you are,” cried Bingley, “for a kingdom! Upon my honor, I never met with so many pleasant girls in my life as I have this evening; and there are several of them, you see, uncommonly pretty.”
“You are dancing with the only handsome girl in the room,” said Mr. Darcy, looking at the eldest Miss Bennet.
“Oh, she is the most beautiful creature I ever beheld! But there is one of her sisters sitting down just behind you, who is very pretty, and I dare say very agreeable. Do let me ask my partner to introduce you!”
“Which do you mean?” and turning round he looked for a moment at Elizabeth, till, catching her eye, he withdrew his own, and coldly said, “She is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me; and I am in no humor at present to give consequence to young ladies who are slighted by other men. You had better return to your partner and enjoy her smiles, for you are wasting your time with me.”
This dialogue gives us information. It tells us so many things. At the same time, it entertains يسلىus. It is a wittyذكى and lively حيويdialogue.
Jane is beautiful. Elizabeth is pretty.
Darcy does not like to dance. He is somewhat reservedمتحفظ. He does not want to dance with someone who does not know very well. He is proud but it is not the pride غرورin the negative sense that is going to be understood by every body in the party. They find that Bingley is nice, pleasant and friendly to every body. He is quite different from his friend Darcy.
He says that Bingley is dancing with the most beautiful lady. There is no other woman in the party to temptيغري him to dance with.
He is judged negativelyيحكم بشكل سلبي by all the people in the party not only Elizabeth.
There are two words in his dialogue that cause a drop انخفاضin his popularityشعبية.
there is not another woman in the room whom it would not be a punishment to me to surmises – guesses
·deferred – put off until later, postponed
·disconcerted – bothered; worried
·Hertfordshire – a county in southern England
·countenance – a face, facial feature, expression
·mien – demeanor
·amiable – friendly, pleasant
·fastidious – picky; careful
·cordial – warm, friendly
·disposition – an arrangement; positioning
He is calling his dancing with Elizabeth as a punishment. عقاب
He calls Elizabeth= She is tolerable = she is OK.
Elizabeth overheardيسمع the whole dialogue because she was standing near them. She heard him calling her tolerableمعقول- مقبول and that if he dances with her, it will be punishment for him.
These two strong words will cause a drop in the popularity of Darcy.
Elizabeth is humorousخفيف الظل. She makes fun of everything. She tells the story for every body. She does not keep that conversation as a secret. She goes and tells everybody. She is not angry but she is laughing. She is making fun of the whole situation. She causes people to think that he is proud and arrogant. She takes it lightly. She is hurt but she turns it humorsly by commenting and telling about Darcy.
This dialogue is a corner stoneحجر الأساس in the whole plot. What will happen after that will be a result of this dialogue?
Part of the reason why Jane Austin has a limited scopeنطاق محدود is that she is a realistic writer. She is writing realistically about the restricted life of women during that time. There is an element of realism. It is a realistic novel.
We have some rich people mentioned in the first five chapters. The Bingleys is one of the rich families. We have Mr. Darcy who is rich. We have the Lucas.
We have Jane Austin cars about keeping a balanceتوازن.
The Bingleys come from the north of England. Mr. Bingley's father was a trader- a merchantتاجر. Because of this, he is not considered a true aristocrat. He has money. He is rich, but he is not an aristocrat.
His father wanted to buy an estate for his children, but he died before doing this. Bingley wanted to do the same thing but he was extravagant. He went to Netherfield to rent a house, so, there is no need to buy an estateمقاطعة.
There are differences between the rich people. There are different sources of richness. It is a very complicatedمعقد social system as an example of the social decorum.
Darcy is different. He is a true aristocrat. He inherited ورثhis wealth. He is richer than Bingley. His wealth has been in the family for many generations. His people were large land owners- they had their money not through trade but through owning يملكlands since hundred years. So, Darcy has some rightsله حق to be proud. This is some explanation شرحof his pride. He is a true aristocrat. He has an estate. It has belonged t his family since many years.
Another example of the complex social decorum- about where the money comes from – we have the Lucas- they are friends of the Bennets. Sir William Lucas is the father of Charlotte- Elizabeth's friend. She is going to play an important role in the novel. Before coming Sir and lady, there conditionsظروف are worse thanأسوا the Bingley's. They are rich but socially, they are inferiorاقل منزلة to the Bingleys because the man was a merchant. They did not have any title. When he made so much money, he was able to be introduced to the royal court and them the king made him a knight and he became Sir.
Everybody in the neighborhood including the Bennets knows about them. They say that suddenly he became Sir and Lady Lucas. There was this jealousyغيرة between them. This is one reason why Mrs. Bennet does not like Lady Lucas. Only few years ago they were equalsمتساوي. This is why she wants her daughter to get aristocratic husbands.
Jane Austin never gives us a history lesson about the class division تقسيمof society. Even the rich were divided into superiorراق- أعلى aristocratic rich and little rich people who were originally tradersتجار, some people who were knightened and given titlesيعطى لقب. She never tells us this directly but through the comments of Mrs. Bennet- through what she is saying about Lady Lucas. The rich people are divided according to the source of the money they have.
All this are parts of the social decorum.
finished
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