ملتقى طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك فيصل,جامعة الدمام - عرض مشاركة واحدة

رحلة عمر · 2010- 9- 19

H.E. Literature Dr. Monira 2nd year 2nd term 2010-04-13

5th lecture

The Victorian Age

The Victorian shared the same historical background with the Romantics. They are still in the 19th century- living in the same century- with the same ideas, the same effects of the industrial Revolution and Colonial expansion.

As a result of the Industrial Revolution, Factories used machines. They reduced the number of the labors. People started to move from villages to live in cities. Because they invented the steam engines, they invented railways.
Historical and political background:
The Victorian age began when Queen Victoria succeeded her uncle William Iv and became queen of England.
The Victorians were separated. Some of them were afraid of the change of England to be an industrial country. They were afraid that they will lose the traditional values. They were against the change. Other people supported he change.
During the Victorian age, we have many novelists and many poets.
We can divide the Victorian age into three stages:
· The early period 1832-1848
· The middle period 1848- 1870
· The late period1870-1901
Early Victorian Period: 1832-1848:
· The members of the Parliament- the Whigs and the Tories- are working together- they are no longer fighting. They are passing laws for the service of the community. They passed First Reform Bill in 1832 as the first democratic reform. It gave greater power to the middle class by extending the vote to all men owing property worth ten pounds or more. Before that bill, only rich aristocratic- upper class people could vote. Middle class [people were not allowed to vote. In the Victorian age, middle class was becoming greater and wealthier, richer. This bill gave the middle class the right to vote on one condition- a man who should vote should have the property worth ten pounds-
This bill reduced the power of the upper class landowners by the redistribution of parliamentary representation.
· It abolished= ended the system of rotten Borough- a city – it was a law- they had to finish this law- cities had a limited number of population. Because of the industrial revolution- people moved to new cities. This city with huge number of people- upper class people moved to new cities. So, they called it rotten borough- it is a law that happened before the Victorian. After this movement from one city to another, they found that they had to finish that law- people who move from one district to another. They had to stop this distraction
· It marked the mergence of the middle class as the dominant force in English politics. They were economically, socially strong, but politically they were not. After they had the right to vote, after redistributing the parliamentary representations which allowed some members of the middle class to become members of the parliament, after abolishing the system of the rotten borough, the middle class became dominant.
· In the early 1840 sever economic depression and wide spread unemployment led to the working class protest and rioting .
· The emergence of the chartists- the first great organized working class movement of the industrial era.
· Potato blight= disease in Ireland in 1845 and Corn Law- this problem of potato blight spread all over Europe and reached England. They lost their product. They could not get money. People started to starve to death- a famine مجاعةhappened . great number of population died this year- 12% of people died because of the famine.
· The English corn was expensive. They imported corn from other foreign countries. People started to buy the imported corn and forgot about the English corn. Traders lost their trade. They started to throw the corn into the sea. So, the parliament passed a law to protect the English corn.
· The policy of free trade made England begin to move toward greater prosperity and improved living conditions.
The Middle Period- 1848- 1870
· England reached the height ذروةof its wealth and productivityإنتاجية as an industrial nation. England had no competition منافسةwith any nation. It was the only industrial country at that time. Because of that, it became the richest and wealthiestاغنى European nation.
· London had become the world centre for bankingالصرافة, insuranceالتأمين and shippingالشحن بالسفن. It improved importing الاستيرادand exportingالتصدير.
· A new system of railwaysالسكك الحديد covered the country and played a vital roleدور حيوي in England's prosperity الرخاء
· Technological and scientific inventionsاختراعات amazed أدهشتthe world and promised even greater prosperityرخاء for the future.
· English political life during this middle period was dominated يسيطر علىby complicated infightingصراع عدم between the Whigs and the Tories, or liberalsالعمال and conservativesالمحافظين as they were coming to be called. There was peace السلامbetween the two partiesالحزبين.
· During the 1840 and the early 1850 leaders from both parties had joined in persuading يقنعparliament to pass a series of bills- laws – Factory Law - which restrictedحدد child labor عملand limited محددworking hours.
· In 1867 the Second Reform Bill was passed which extended مددthe vote التصويتto all members of the working class except agricultural laborers= farmers مزارعين. It had a profound effect on the subsequent تالي development of English political life.
Late Period 1870- 1901
· The last 30 years of Victorian reignعهد appear on the surface to be a contribution إسهامof mid- Victorian prosperityالرخاء, gradualتدريجي reform إصلاحand expansionتوسع.the last 30 years was the result of the early and the middle period.
· During these years, British Empire reached the highest of its power and influenceتأثير. English imperialism استعمارnot as a system of economic expansion توسعand exploitation استغلالbut as the realizationإدراك of an ideal of the Anglo-Saxon race spreading its supposedly من المفترضsuperior civilization through the world.
· The two greatest jubilee = احتفال اليوبيل الفضيcelebrations of 1887 and 1897 displayed = celebrating each ten years of Queen Victoria's rule- the nations confidence ثقةwith triumphantانتصار pompموكب and ceremony.
· Beneath تحت this surface, there were signsإشارات- علامات of new tension توترin Victorian life.
· The rapid emergence of Chancellor Ottovon Bishmaroks Germany as a great militaryحربي and industrial power began to pose a threatتهديد to England's prominence. Germany was now gaining power . it was a threat to the position England had.
· In 1890, the Labor Party arose to argue يجادلfor an entirely new conceptionمفهوم of the relationship between the owners of industry and the workers.
Victorian attitude
Middle class Victorians believed in hard work, Moral; seriousness and social respectabilityاحترام. They were progressive= to all scientific discoveries- that they favored The new discoveries of science and the gradual attempts to make England more democratic society. They were conservatives and often repressive in their attitudes towards worldly pleasures.
First Reform Bill- emancipation تحريرof all slavesالعبيد in the British Empire.

Religious movement
Evangelicalism: they were dedicated to human causes and social reform. It is mainly about Christianity. They are going back to the real roots of Christianity. There is a chance for everybody to purify ينقىhis sinsخطايا- to be reborn- it is Protestant belief. They highly regard the Biblical authorityسلطة. The Victorian period was governed يحكمby the Bible- they believed that it should govern the life of the whole people.
The result of this movement is that they called for First Reform Bill- emancipation تحريرof all slavesالعبيد in the British Empire.

There was another theory- Utilitarianism- النفعية= they would judge things reasonably, mathematically, scientifically- not religiously = things to be judged by its futility in providing happiness and pleasure.
The utilitarian theory developed by …. It showed all human subjects and institutions to the calculations of science in order to determine their futility.
Victorian poetry
Major writers of this period embodied يجسدand rebelled ثار against the attitude موقفof the Victorians – seriousness- earnestnessجدية, self –satisfaction رضاand anxietyقلق.
The poetry represented يمثلa further development تطورof themes and attitudes first explored يستكشفby the romantics.
The Victorians poet was confrontedيواجه with new problems of meaning and expression.

Finished

2010- 9- 19	#10
رحلة عمر أكـاديـمـي ذهـبـي الملف الشخصي: رقم العضوية : 17627 تاريخ التسجيل: Fri Jan 2009 المشاركات: 923 الـجنــس : أنـثـى عدد الـنقـاط : 329 مؤشر المستوى: 79 بيانات الطالب: الكلية: كلية الاداب بالدمام الدراسة: انتظام التخصص: English literature المستوى: المستوى الخامس	رد: رحلة عمر بلييز تفضلي H.E. Literature Dr. Monira 2nd year 2nd term 2010-04-13 5th lecture *The Victorian Age* The Victorian shared the same historical background with the Romantics. They are still in the 19th century- living in the same century- with the same ideas, the same effects of the industrial Revolution and Colonial expansion. As a result of the Industrial Revolution, Factories used machines. They reduced the number of the labors. People started to move from villages to live in cities. Because they invented the steam engines, they invented railways. Historical and political background: The Victorian age began when Queen Victoria succeeded her uncle William Iv and became queen of England. The Victorians were separated. Some of them were afraid of the change of England to be an industrial country. They were afraid that they will lose the traditional values. They were against the change. Other people supported he change. During the Victorian age, we have many novelists and many poets. We can divide the Victorian age into three stages: · The early period 1832-1848 · The middle period 1848- 1870 · The late period1870-1901 Early Victorian Period: 1832-1848: · The members of the Parliament- the Whigs and the Tories- are working together- they are no longer fighting. They are passing laws for the service of the community. They passed First Reform Bill in 1832 as the first democratic reform. It gave greater power to the middle class by extending the vote to all men owing property worth ten pounds or more. Before that bill, only rich aristocratic- upper class people could vote. Middle class [people were not allowed to vote. In the Victorian age, middle class was becoming greater and wealthier, richer. This bill gave the middle class the right to vote on one condition- a man who should vote should have the property worth ten pounds- This bill reduced the power of the upper class landowners by the redistribution of parliamentary representation. · It abolished= ended the system of rotten Borough- a city – it was a law- they had to finish this law- cities had a limited number of population. Because of the industrial revolution- people moved to new cities. This city with huge number of people- upper class people moved to new cities. So, they called it rotten borough- it is a law that happened before the Victorian. After this movement from one city to another, they found that they had to finish that law- people who move from one district to another. They had to stop this distraction · It marked the mergence of the middle class as the dominant force in English politics. They were economically, socially strong, but politically they were not. After they had the right to vote, after redistributing the parliamentary representations which allowed some members of the middle class to become members of the parliament, after abolishing the system of the rotten borough, the middle class became dominant. · In the early 1840 sever economic depression and wide spread unemployment led to the working class protest and rioting . · The emergence of the chartists- the first great organized working class movement of the industrial era. · Potato blight= disease in Ireland in 1845 and Corn Law- this problem of potato blight spread all over Europe and reached England. They lost their product. They could not get money. People started to starve to death- a famine مجاعةhappened . great number of population died this year- 12% of people died because of the famine. · The English corn was expensive. They imported corn from other foreign countries. People started to buy the imported corn and forgot about the English corn. Traders lost their trade. They started to throw the corn into the sea. So, the parliament passed a law to protect the English corn. · The policy of free trade made England begin to move toward greater prosperity and improved living conditions. The Middle Period- 1848- 1870 · England reached the height ذروةof its wealth and productivityإنتاجية as an industrial nation. England had no competition منافسةwith any nation. It was the only industrial country at that time. Because of that, it became the richest and wealthiestاغنى European nation. · London had become the world centre for bankingالصرافة, insuranceالتأمين and shippingالشحن بالسفن. It improved importing الاستيرادand exportingالتصدير. · A new system of railwaysالسكك الحديد covered the country and played a vital roleدور حيوي in England's prosperity الرخاء · Technological and scientific inventionsاختراعات amazed أدهشتthe world and promised even greater prosperityرخاء for the future. · English political life during this middle period was dominated يسيطر علىby complicated infightingصراع عدم between the Whigs and the Tories, or liberalsالعمال and conservativesالمحافظين as they were coming to be called. There was peace السلامbetween the two partiesالحزبين. · During the 1840 and the early 1850 leaders from both parties had joined in persuading يقنعparliament to pass a series of bills- laws – Factory Law - which restrictedحدد child labor عملand limited محددworking hours. · In 1867 the Second Reform Bill was passed which extended مددthe vote التصويتto all members of the working class except agricultural laborers= farmers مزارعين. It had a profound effect on the subsequent تالي development of English political life. Late Period 1870- 1901 · The last 30 years of Victorian reignعهد appear on the surface to be a contribution إسهامof mid- Victorian prosperityالرخاء, gradualتدريجي reform إصلاحand expansionتوسع.the last 30 years was the result of the early and the middle period. · During these years, British Empire reached the highest of its power and influenceتأثير. English imperialism استعمارnot as a system of economic expansion توسعand exploitation استغلالbut as the realizationإدراك of an ideal of the Anglo-Saxon race spreading its supposedly من المفترضsuperior civilization through the world. · The two greatest jubilee = احتفال اليوبيل الفضيcelebrations of 1887 and 1897 displayed = celebrating each ten years of Queen Victoria's rule- the nations confidence ثقةwith triumphantانتصار pompموكب and ceremony. · Beneath تحت this surface, there were signsإشارات- علامات of new tension توترin Victorian life. · The rapid emergence of Chancellor Ottovon Bishmaroks Germany as a great militaryحربي and industrial power began to pose a threatتهديد to England's prominence. Germany was now gaining power . it was a threat to the position England had. · In 1890, the Labor Party arose to argue يجادلfor an entirely new conceptionمفهوم of the relationship between the owners of industry and the workers. Victorian attitude Middle class Victorians believed in hard work, Moral; seriousness and social respectabilityاحترام. They were progressive= to all scientific discoveries- that they favored The new discoveries of science and the gradual attempts to make England more democratic society. They were conservatives and often repressive in their attitudes towards worldly pleasures. First Reform Bill- emancipation تحريرof all slavesالعبيد in the British Empire. Religious movement Evangelicalism: they were dedicated to human causes and social reform. It is mainly about Christianity. They are going back to the real roots of Christianity. There is a chance for everybody to purify ينقىhis sinsخطايا- to be reborn- it is Protestant belief. They highly regard the Biblical authorityسلطة. The Victorian period was governed يحكمby the Bible- they believed that it should govern the life of the whole people. The result of this movement is that they called for First Reform Bill- emancipation تحريرof all slavesالعبيد in the British Empire. There was another theory- Utilitarianism- النفعية= they would judge things reasonably, mathematically, scientifically- not religiously = things to be judged by its futility in providing happiness and pleasure. The utilitarian theory developed by …. It showed all human subjects and institutions to the calculations of science in order to determine their futility. Victorian poetry Major writers of this period embodied يجسدand rebelled ثار against the attitude موقفof the Victorians – seriousness- earnestnessجدية, self –satisfaction رضاand anxietyقلق. The poetry represented يمثلa further development تطورof themes and attitudes first explored يستكشفby the romantics. The Victorians poet was confrontedيواجه with new problems of meaning and expression. Finished