ملتقى طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك فيصل,جامعة الدمام - عرض مشاركة واحدة - اللغة الانجليزية Ready for the finals ? 3rd year students ONLY

نــونــه · 2011- 6- 2

first lecture

Romantic poetry is very close to us as human beings. It expresses our feelings. Its language is simple. Images are direct. We have descriptive details. The thing that is difficult about the romantic poetry is the philosophy in it.
What we are going to this semester is a continuation of what we have done the first semester.
We are going to study late 19th century. We are building on our previous knowledge.
We need to refresh our minds about the romantic poetry, what is the profit behind writing the Romantic?
Before starting reading poetry, we need to read history; the general atmosphere of the age.
One of the main historic events that helped in creating the Romantic Movement was the French Revolution. What is the influence of the French Revolution in formulating that type of poetry? How it influenced people? What did it call for? It called for equality and freedom. It touches every one as a human being. It called for the human rights of every human beings living on earth whether from the elite class or from the common class. Consequently, romantic poets started writing poetry addressed to and read by ordinary man. Consequently, this poetry that is written for all people is using the language of people= every day easy language. The French Revolution drew their minds, attention, feelings and emotions towards the unseen, the neglected human beings= the slum people, the chimney sweepers, the solitary repair , the one who is wondering lonely as a cloud, those people who have not been touched or addressed. Before, poetry was for the elite. The language of poetry was highly elevated sophisticated language. The images of poetry were dealing with science, philosophy, geography. But the language of the romantic is a language that deals with ordinary man, can be understood and read by all. At the same time it can create the life of the ordinary simple man.
We have to keep this in mind to understand how it is different when we come to 19th century and start reading poetry that is considered a jump, a leap in literature.
There is a big difference between the Romantic and the Victorian poets.
We are going to study a historical background of the Victorian poetry. What happened in England at that time is reflected on poetry as being the mirror of the society.
Politics was one of the main factors that affected poetry. It was a big step towards change.
Female writers, novelists, poets, writers of dairies used to write under male names.
It was not only on the political level, but on the human level. People managed and were after a change with very little stability on the level of identity.
We can not understand poetry without reading the history behind it. Understanding the people's relation to each other, their love to the land and to the queen helps us to understand poetry of the period.
The industry, economy also affected the whole society and consequently literature.
The romantics dealt with nature. They were worried about nature that has been destroyed. They were worried about London as a city. They were worried because people were deserting the country side and gathering in the cities. In the Victorian time, people were gathering in London. They stopped sharing their worries about the city and the country life.
One of the inventions that affected life greatly was the invention of the steam engine. It was another economical revolution on earth. It was as the idea of writing about human feelings and emotions which was revolutionary. Steam engine made revolution on the ground. A lot of factories were built. Industrial revolution took place. They used steam engine to trade their production. It made a revolution in economy.
the general atmosphere was that the middle class was the dominant class.
Read the introduction in the Norton Anthology
The most prominent event was the First Reform Bill 1832.
Then Victoria becomes a queen.
Then we have the Corn Law.
A. L. Tennyson was elected the poet laureate by Queen Victoria herself. He wrote sonnet sequence. He is part of the general image of the age. He was writing about others. Sometimes there is "I". Wordsworth was fighting for several ideas, the statement of the French Revolution. We can call the Victorian age, the Age of Tennyson. He was chosen as the best poet. One of the poem behind his choice as the poet Laureate is " In Memoriam" Victorian poets are writing about some human issues but their approaches is subjective rather than objective. The main defect of the Victorian society was hypocrisy.
There were so many changes in the Victorian Age but they were not solid changes because skepticism started. Darwin theory created a kind of skepticism in their mind led to doubting the presence of God.
There was a kind of insistence in the society on change. Education was to be reformed.
There were changes socially, politically and economically. Poetry was the outcome and reflection of the society.
The great expansion of London was purely economic change.
Darwin" The Origin of Species" was published. It led them to skepticism.
With the death of Queen Victoria 1901, it ends the Victorian Age.
Write short notes on:
v Capitalism- economic changes and its reflection on the age.
v political reform- Reform Bill
v religious doubts- skepticism- racism
v Social classes - the effect or the power of the middle class.
v scientific invention- steam engine
v philosophical theories
v Darwin
v utilitarianism
v diversity of Victorian literature – themes of doubt- alienation of the artist- escapisms- mysticism- optimism .
v main features of the age

The Victorian Era (1837 - 1901)

The Victorian era is generally agreed to stretch through the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901). It was a tremendously exciting period when many artistic styles, literary schools, as well as, social, political and religious movements flourished. It was a time of prosperity, broad imperial expansion, and great political reform. It was also a time, which today we associate with "prudishness" and "repression". Without a doubt, it was an extraordinarily complex age, that has sometimes been called the Second English Renaissance. It is, however, also the beginning of Modern Times.
The social classes of England were newly reforming, and fomenting. There was a churning upheaval of the old hierarchical order, and the middle classes were steadily growing. Added to that, the upper classes' composition was changing from simply hereditary aristocracy to a combination of nobility and an emerging wealthy commercial class. The definition of what made someone a gentleman or a lady was, therefore, changing at what some thought was an alarming rate. By the end of the century, it was silently agreed that a gentleman was someone who had a liberal public (private) school education (preferably at Eton, Rugby, or Harrow), no matter what his antecedents might be. There continued to be a large and generally disgruntled working class, wanting and slowly getting reform and change.
Conditions of the working class were still bad, though, through the century, three reform bills gradually gave the vote to most males over the age of twenty-one. Contrasting to that was the horrible reality of child labor which persisted throughout the period. When a bill was passed stipulating that children under nine could not work in the textile industry, this in no way applied to other industries, nor did it in any way curb rampant teenaged prostitution.
The Victorian Era was also a time of tremendous scientific progress and ideas. Darwin took his Voyage of the Beagle, and posited the Theory of Evolution. The Great Exhibition of 1851 took place in London, lauding the technical and industrial advances of the age, and strides in medicine and the physical sciences continued throughout the century. The radical thought associated with modern psychiatry began with men like Sigmund Feud toward the end of the era, and radical economic theory, developed by Karl Marx and his associates, began a second age of revolution in mid-century. The ideas of Marxism, socialism, feminism churned and bubbled along with all else that happened.
The dress of the early Victorian era was similar to the Georgian age. Women wore corsets, balloonish sleeves and crinolines in the middle 1840's. The crinoline thrived, and expanded during the 50's and 60's, and into the 70's, until, at last, it gave way to the bustle. The bustle held its own until the 1890's, and became much smaller, going out altogether by the dawning of the twentieth century. For men, following Beau Brummell's example, stove-pipe pants were the fashion at the beginning of the century. Their ties, known then as cravats, and the various ways they might be tied could change, the styles of shirts, jackets, and hats also, but trousers have remained. Throughout the century, it was stylish for men to wear facial hair of all sizes and descriptions. The clean shaven look of the Regency was out, and mustaches, mutton-chop sideburns, Piccadilly Weepers, full beards, and Van Dykes (worn by Napoleon III) were the order of the day.
The "prudishness" and "repressiveness" that we associate with this era is, I believe, a somewhat erroneous association. Though, people referred to arms and legs as limbs and extremities, and many other things that make us titter, it is, in my opinion, because they had a degree of modesty and a sense of propriety that we hardly understand today. The latest biographies of Queen Victoria describe her and her husband, Albert, of enjoying erotic art, and certainly we know enough about the Queen from the segment on her issue, to know that she did not in anyway shy away from the marriage bed. The name sake of this period was hardly a prude, but having said that, it is necessary to understand that the strictures and laws for 19th Century Society were so much more narrow and defined that they are today, that we must see this era as very codified and strict. Naturally, to an era that takes more liberties, this would seem harsh and unnatural.
Culturally, the novel continued to thrive through this time. Its importance to the era could easily be compared to the importance of the plays of Shakespeare for the Elizabethans. Some of the great novelists of the time were: Sir Walter Scott, Emily, Anne, and Charlotte Bronte, Anthony Trollope, George Eliot, Oscar Wilde, and, of course, Charles Dickens. That is not to say that poetry did not thrive - it did with the works of the Brownings, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, the verse of Lewis Carroll and Rudyard Kipling.
An art movement indicative of this period was the Pre-Raphaelites, which included William Holman Hunt, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Christina Rossetti, and John Everett Millais. Also during this period were the Impressionists, the Realists, and the Fauves, though the Pre-Raphaelites were distinctive for being a completely English movement.
As stated in the beginning, the Victorian Age was an extremely diverse and complex period. It was, indeed, the precursor of the modern era. If one wishes to understand the world today in terms of society, culture, science, and ideas, it is imperative to study this era.

Victorian Age
Historical Background

The queen Victoria(1836-1901) ruled for 63 years, the longest in English history.

Age of prosperity and progress
- the richest and most powerful;
- the 1 st urban and industrial society in the world;
- the greatest empire ruling over 1/4 of the world،¯s landmass, over 20 nations;
- railways, telegraphs, journalism;
- a period of great social unrest (Chartist Movement1838-48);
- religious doubt ( theory of evolution and positivist philosophy ) ; and
- Reform Bill (1832) was enacted, giving right to representation of growing cities and 50% raise of electorate to middle class.

2 great books of the age
- The Origins of Species(1859)
  --- Darwin،¯s evolutionary theory implied that biblical account of creation could not be literally true.
- Das Kapital،¶×ت±¾آغ،· (1867)
  --- critique of unbridled free enterprise revealed in economic injustice and the class system

Literary Background --- A Golden Age of Novel

97% people able to read by 1900;
cheaper paper;
faster printing;
easier circulation;
more working readers demanding cheap literature: religious tracts, self-help manuals, reprinting of classics, penny newspapers, new prose and poetry which instructed and entertained; and
monthly instalment became the fashion in novel publication:
- Dickens, Thackeray, Gaskell, Collins, Trollope and Eliot organized their works in enticing, coherent morsels that kept characters and plots running from month to month
- authors had to keep to the schedule, no final idea how to end, making adjustments based on sales and reviews
- readers had time to follow, digest, and also to influence the outcome; affected authors as they had to change their plan to meet readers،¯ requirements, thus usu. the planning/structure bad or loose

Victorian Literature

Poetry
- Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892): poet laureate and the representative or spokesperson of the age
  - In Memoriam
  - Idylls of the King
  - ،°Ulysses،±
  - ،°Break, Break, Break،±
- Robert Browning (1812-1889): the most innovative poet of the age
  - ،°dramatic monologue،±
  - The Ring and the Book
  - ،°My Last Duchess"
- Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861)
  - Sonnets from the Portuguese
- Matthew Arnold (1822-1888)
  - ،° Dover Beach،±
- The Pre-Rhaphaelites (the Rossettis, sacred inspiration)

What are the salient features of victorian poetry?

Best Answer - Chosen by Asker

1. Isolation - An intense preoccupation of the major poets and writers is with this problematic condition of man. Situations of betrayal, alienation, separation from life and love appear in the writings of Tennyson's poetry early and late, and in Browning's throughout his career. Charles Dickens certainly was concerned with this theme as evidenced in such novels as "Oliver Twist" and "Great Expectations." Thomas Hardy's poignant narrative, "Tess of the D'Ubervilles" explores the devastating effects of human alienation and isolation.
2. Pessimism - There is a darkness to the works of Hardy and Dickens and others
3. A moral purpose - Many works pointed to the repression of women, the corruption of those in authority, and the plight of the poor. Also, there was literature for children, written with a strong moralistic tone (e.g. Kipling's "Jungle Book," and Lewis Carroll's "Alice in Wonderland")
4. Idealism - Truth, love, justice are often themes in this literature. In Dickens's "Oliver Twist" for example, the brutal killer and burglar, Bill Sikes, and heinous Fagin receive their just rewards by being hanged. Love triumphs in "Great Expectations." Hardy's "Tess" actually shocked contemporary readers with its honesty.
5. A realistic adherence to daily life - Many of the works present the life of the lower classes, their miserable plight and lack of social mobility. As a result, Victorian literature became an instrument for social progress.
6. A mixture of Romanticism with the Gothic - novels by the Bronte sisters mix the romantic with the supernatural and also examine class and gender
7. Colonialism and Imperalism - These elements are most evident in the writings of Joseph Conrad and Rudyard Kipling whose novel "Kim" is set in India, exposing the insular society of England to the exotic land while yet presenting the reality of

2011- 6- 2	#51
نــونــه أكـاديـمـي ألـمـاسـي الملف الشخصي: رقم العضوية : 59127 تاريخ التسجيل: Fri Sep 2010 المشاركات: 1,408 الـجنــس : أنـثـى عدد الـنقـاط : 3418 مؤشر المستوى: 80 بيانات الطالب: الكلية: جامعة الملك فيصل الدراسة: انتساب التخصص: ادارة أعمال المستوى: المستوى الأول	رد: Ready for the finals ? 3rd year students ONLY first lecture Romantic poetry is very close to us as human beings. It expresses our feelings. Its language is simple. Images are direct. We have descriptive details. The thing that is difficult about the romantic poetry is the philosophy in it. What we are going to this semester is a continuation of what we have done the first semester. We are going to study late 19th century. We are building on our previous knowledge. We need to refresh our minds about the romantic poetry, what is the profit behind writing the Romantic? Before starting reading poetry, we need to read history; the general atmosphere of the age. One of the main historic events that helped in creating the Romantic Movement was the French Revolution. What is the influence of the French Revolution in formulating that type of poetry? How it influenced people? What did it call for? It called for equality and freedom. It touches every one as a human being. It called for the human rights of every human beings living on earth whether from the elite class or from the common class. Consequently, romantic poets started writing poetry addressed to and read by ordinary man. Consequently, this poetry that is written for all people is using the language of people= every day easy language. The French Revolution drew their minds, attention, feelings and emotions towards the unseen, the neglected human beings= the slum people, the chimney sweepers, the solitary repair , the one who is wondering lonely as a cloud, those people who have not been touched or addressed. Before, poetry was for the elite. The language of poetry was highly elevated sophisticated language. The images of poetry were dealing with science, philosophy, geography. But the language of the romantic is a language that deals with ordinary man, can be understood and read by all. At the same time it can create the life of the ordinary simple man. We have to keep this in mind to understand how it is different when we come to 19th century and start reading poetry that is considered a jump, a leap in literature. There is a big difference between the Romantic and the Victorian poets. We are going to study a historical background of the Victorian poetry. What happened in England at that time is reflected on poetry as being the mirror of the society. Politics was one of the main factors that affected poetry. It was a big step towards change. Female writers, novelists, poets, writers of dairies used to write under male names. It was not only on the political level, but on the human level. People managed and were after a change with very little stability on the level of identity. We can not understand poetry without reading the history behind it. Understanding the people's relation to each other, their love to the land and to the queen helps us to understand poetry of the period. The industry, economy also affected the whole society and consequently literature. The romantics dealt with nature. They were worried about nature that has been destroyed. They were worried about London as a city. They were worried because people were deserting the country side and gathering in the cities. In the Victorian time, people were gathering in London. They stopped sharing their worries about the city and the country life. One of the inventions that affected life greatly was the invention of the steam engine. It was another economical revolution on earth. It was as the idea of writing about human feelings and emotions which was revolutionary. Steam engine made revolution on the ground. A lot of factories were built. Industrial revolution took place. They used steam engine to trade their production. It made a revolution in economy. the general atmosphere was that the middle class was the dominant class. Read the introduction in the Norton Anthology The most prominent event was the First Reform Bill 1832. Then Victoria becomes a queen. Then we have the Corn Law. A. L. Tennyson was elected the poet laureate by Queen Victoria herself. He wrote sonnet sequence. He is part of the general image of the age. He was writing about others. Sometimes there is "I". Wordsworth was fighting for several ideas, the statement of the French Revolution. We can call the Victorian age, the Age of Tennyson. He was chosen as the best poet. One of the poem behind his choice as the poet Laureate is *" In Memoriam"* Victorian poets are writing about some human issues but their approaches is subjective rather than objective. The main defect of the Victorian society was hypocrisy. There were so many changes in the Victorian Age but they were not solid changes because skepticism started. Darwin theory created a kind of skepticism in their mind led to doubting the presence of God. There was a kind of insistence in the society on change. Education was to be reformed. There were changes socially, politically and economically. Poetry was the outcome and reflection of the society. The great expansion of London was purely economic change. Darwin" *The Origin of Species" was published. It led them to skepticism. With the death of Queen Victoria 1901, it ends the Victorian Age. Write short notes on:* v Capitalism- economic changes and its reflection on the age. v political reform- Reform Bill v religious doubts- skepticism- racism v Social classes - the effect or the power of the middle class. v scientific invention- steam engine v philosophical theories v Darwin v utilitarianism v diversity of Victorian literature – themes of doubt- alienation of the artist- escapisms- mysticism- optimism . v main features of the age *The Victorian Era (1837 - 1901)* The Victorian era is generally agreed to stretch through the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901). It was a tremendously exciting period when many artistic styles, literary schools, as well as, social, political and religious movements flourished. It was a time of prosperity, broad imperial expansion, and great political reform. It was also a time, which today we associate with "prudishness" and "repression". Without a doubt, it was an extraordinarily complex age, that has sometimes been called the Second English Renaissance. It is, however, also the beginning of Modern Times. The social classes of England were newly reforming, and fomenting. There was a churning upheaval of the old hierarchical order, and the middle classes were steadily growing. Added to that, the upper classes' composition was changing from simply hereditary aristocracy to a combination of nobility and an emerging wealthy commercial class. The definition of what made someone a gentleman or a lady was, therefore, changing at what some thought was an alarming rate. By the end of the century, it was silently agreed that a gentleman was someone who had a liberal public (private) school education (preferably at Eton, Rugby, or Harrow), no matter what his antecedents might be. There continued to be a large and generally disgruntled working class, wanting and slowly getting reform and change. Conditions of the working class were still bad, though, through the century, three reform bills gradually gave the vote to most males over the age of twenty-one. Contrasting to that was the horrible reality of child labor which persisted throughout the period. When a bill was passed stipulating that children under nine could not work in the textile industry, this in no way applied to other industries, nor did it in any way curb rampant teenaged prostitution. The Victorian Era was also a time of tremendous scientific progress and ideas. Darwin took his Voyage of the Beagle, and posited the Theory of Evolution. The Great Exhibition of 1851 took place in London, lauding the technical and industrial advances of the age, and strides in medicine and the physical sciences continued throughout the century. The radical thought associated with modern psychiatry began with men like Sigmund Feud toward the end of the era, and radical economic theory, developed by Karl Marx and his associates, began a second age of revolution in mid-century. The ideas of Marxism, socialism, feminism churned and bubbled along with all else that happened. The dress of the early Victorian era was similar to the Georgian age. Women wore corsets, balloonish sleeves and crinolines in the middle 1840's. The crinoline thrived, and expanded during the 50's and 60's, and into the 70's, until, at last, it gave way to the bustle. The bustle held its own until the 1890's, and became much smaller, going out altogether by the dawning of the twentieth century. For men, following Beau Brummell's example, stove-pipe pants were the fashion at the beginning of the century. Their ties, known then as cravats, and the various ways they might be tied could change, the styles of shirts, jackets, and hats also, but trousers have remained. Throughout the century, it was stylish for men to wear facial hair of all sizes and descriptions. The clean shaven look of the Regency was out, and mustaches, mutton-chop sideburns, Piccadilly Weepers, full beards, and Van Dykes (worn by Napoleon III) were the order of the day. The "prudishness" and "repressiveness" that we associate with this era is, I believe, a somewhat erroneous association. Though, people referred to arms and legs as limbs and extremities, and many other things that make us titter, it is, in my opinion, because they had a degree of modesty and a sense of propriety that we hardly understand today. The latest biographies of Queen Victoria describe her and her husband, Albert, of enjoying erotic art, and certainly we know enough about the Queen from the segment on her issue, to know that she did not in anyway shy away from the marriage bed. The name sake of this period was hardly a prude, but having said that, it is necessary to understand that the strictures and laws for 19th Century Society were so much more narrow and defined that they are today, that we must see this era as very codified and strict. Naturally, to an era that takes more liberties, this would seem harsh and unnatural. Culturally, the novel continued to thrive through this time. Its importance to the era could easily be compared to the importance of the plays of Shakespeare for the Elizabethans. Some of the great novelists of the time were: Sir Walter Scott, Emily, Anne, and Charlotte Bronte, Anthony Trollope, George Eliot, Oscar Wilde, and, of course, Charles Dickens. That is not to say that poetry did not thrive - it did with the works of the Brownings, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, the verse of Lewis Carroll and Rudyard Kipling. An art movement indicative of this period was the Pre-Raphaelites, which included William Holman Hunt, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Christina Rossetti, and John Everett Millais. Also during this period were the Impressionists, the Realists, and the Fauves, though the Pre-Raphaelites were distinctive for being a completely English movement. As stated in the beginning, the Victorian Age was an extremely diverse and complex period. It was, indeed, the precursor of the modern era. If one wishes to understand the world today in terms of society, culture, science, and ideas, it is imperative to study this era. Victorian Age Historical Background The queen Victoria(1836-1901) ruled for 63 years, the longest in English history. Age of prosperity and progress the richest and most powerful; the 1 st urban and industrial society in the world; the greatest empire ruling over 1/4 of the world،¯s landmass, over 20 nations; railways, telegraphs, journalism; a period of great social unrest (Chartist Movement1838-48); religious doubt ( theory of evolution and positivist philosophy ) ; and Reform Bill (1832) was enacted, giving right to representation of growing cities and 50% raise of electorate to middle class. 2 great books of the age *The Origins of Species(1859) --- Darwin،¯s evolutionary theory implied that biblical account of creation could not be literally true. Das Kapital،¶×ت±¾آغ،· (1867) --- critique of unbridled free enterprise revealed in economic injustice and the class system Literary Background --- A Golden Age of Novel* 97% people able to read by 1900; cheaper paper; faster printing; easier circulation; more working readers demanding cheap literature: religious tracts, self-help manuals, reprinting of classics, penny newspapers, new prose and poetry which instructed and entertained; and monthly instalment became the fashion in novel publication: Dickens, Thackeray, Gaskell, Collins, Trollope and Eliot organized their works in enticing, coherent morsels that kept characters and plots running from month to month authors had to keep to the schedule, no final idea how to end, making adjustments based on sales and reviews readers had time to follow, digest, and also to influence the outcome; affected authors as they had to change their plan to meet readers،¯ requirements, thus usu. the planning/structure bad or loose Victorian Literature Poetry Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892): poet laureate and the representative or spokesperson of the age *In Memoriam* Idylls of the King ،°Ulysses،± ،°Break, Break, Break،± Robert Browning (1812-1889): the most innovative poet of the age ،°dramatic monologue،± The Ring and the Book ،°My Last Duchess" Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861) Sonnets from the Portuguese Matthew Arnold (1822-1888) ،° Dover Beach،± The Pre-Rhaphaelites (the Rossettis, sacred inspiration) What are the salient features of victorian poetry? *Best Answer - Chosen by Asker* 1. Isolation - An intense preoccupation of the major poets and writers is with this problematic condition of man. Situations of betrayal, alienation, separation from life and love appear in the writings of Tennyson's poetry early and late, and in Browning's throughout his career. Charles Dickens certainly was concerned with this theme as evidenced in such novels as "Oliver Twist" and "Great Expectations." Thomas Hardy's poignant narrative, "Tess of the D'Ubervilles" explores the devastating effects of human alienation and isolation. 2. Pessimism - There is a darkness to the works of Hardy and Dickens and others 3. A moral purpose - Many works pointed to the repression of women, the corruption of those in authority, and the plight of the poor. Also, there was literature for children, written with a strong moralistic tone (e.g. Kipling's "Jungle Book," and Lewis Carroll's "Alice in Wonderland") 4. Idealism - Truth, love, justice are often themes in this literature. In Dickens's "Oliver Twist" for example, the brutal killer and burglar, Bill Sikes, and heinous Fagin receive their just rewards by being hanged. Love triumphs in "Great Expectations." Hardy's "Tess" actually shocked contemporary readers with its honesty. 5. A realistic adherence to daily life - Many of the works present the life of the lower classes, their miserable plight and lack of social mobility. As a result, Victorian literature became an instrument for social progress. 6. A mixture of Romanticism with the Gothic - novels by the Bronte sisters mix the romantic with the supernatural and also examine class and gender 7. Colonialism and Imperalism - These elements are most evident in the writings of Joseph Conrad and Rudyard Kipling whose novel "Kim" is set in India, exposing the insular society of England to the exotic land while yet presenting the reality of