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أكـاديـمـي فـضـي
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رد: Ready for the finals ? 3rd year students ONLY
1-Pinero's Traditionalism
2-Pinero's Characterization
3-Pinero's Modernism -modern elements
4-Themes -Fallen Woman +Jealousy
هذي حل المدرسه للاسئله دعواتكم What is the technique used by Pinero?
· technique of suspense
· Metatheatrical technique
· non traditional element
· symbolism
· surrealistic technique
· realism: social realism – psychological realism
· cubic technique
· impressionism
He uses the technique of suspense. Aubrey's friends are kept in suspense. They do not know the secret beyond Aubrey's decision to get married. Aubrey chooses to disclose the secret of his marriage even from Drummle. He was not willing to tell him her name. He tells him that he will marry Mrs. Jarman. Drummle tells him that he saw her with many men, having many names. Drummle is shocked that Aubrey tells him that she is not married to any man. He tells him that her real names is Miss Paula Ray.
Using epigrams and wise sayings is part of the technique of the writer.
( this part can be added to the modern elements in the play)
Pinero experiments with the Metatheatrical technique which is a non traditional technique- modern technique
DRUMMLE (putting on a neck handkerchief) And remember that, after all, I'm merely a spectator in life; nothing more than a man at a play, in fact; only, like the old fashioned playgoer, I love to see certain characters happy and comfortable at the finish. You understand?
He says that he is a spectator in life. He is a man in a play. The audiences sober and realize that they are watching a play. This is against the Aristotelian concept of dramatic illusion.
Act II happens after two months. Pinero violated the unity of time. This is non- traditional element= modern element.
The Naturalistic elements in the play are part of the technique. Naturalism is a traditional movement that evolved in the mid 19th century. Pinero has Naturalistic tendency and this is obvious in the play. Pinero, like the other Naturalist writers hides the authorial voice as much as possible. One rarely recognizes his stand point of any of the issues he discusses whether he sympathizes with a fallen woman or not. as a naturalist writer , he adopts an objective approach to writing. Moreover, naturalistic writers suggest that social conditions, heredity and environment shape the character's social manner. They are influenced by the Naturalist scientist Darwin who illustrated his theory of Evolution in the 19th century. In the play, Aubrey tells Paula and Drummle that his daughter Ellean is like her mother in shape and manner. She is religious, conservative and cold like ice. So she has inherited coldness from her mother. Besides, Paula is vulgar, rash and of loose manner because she comes from the poor middle class.
Like Darwin, Schopenhauer promotes doubts in God's mercy, many people lost faith, turned skeptic or pessimistic. According to his idea of predestination, man has no choices because God predestines everything for man.
Paula is speaking to Aubrey in a vulgar way. It shows that she comes from lower class. This is an example of a Naturalistic influence in the play. Darwin was a Naturalistic scientist. He said that one's environment affects one's social behaviour. As Paula comes originally from the lower class and now she goes to the upper class, still she behaves like the lower class people. Here, we have this example of her conversation with Aubrey after 2 months of marriage. She proves to be vulgar. She speaks in a very daring way. She is indecent and shows no elegant. She mocks him whenever he says a word. She is bored of living with him because he is always silent and cold. Whenever he talks, he talks about Ellen, his daughter. This makes Paula jealous.
Paula is pessimistic. She will kill herself if Aubrey does not marry her.
Here, we have the influence of naturalism- Arthur Schopenhauer
Aubrey tries to find excuses for Ellean for being cold with Paula saying that she was raised in a convent and that she is as cold as her mother.
This shows the influence of the Naturalistic Scientist Charles Darwin. He talked about the influence of genies from one generation to another. According to Naturalism, the daughter must resemble her mother or her father. Now, Ellean is copying her mother whom she does not see. But because of the genetic influence, she is acting like her mother and she is as cold as her. Drummle has said that the First Mrs. Tanqueray was like an ice berg. Here, Paula suffers from Ellean's coldness.
Paula. If Ellean cared for me only a little, it would be different. 1 shouldn't be jealous then. Why doesn't she care for me ? Although Paula is raised to the upper class society, her behavior does not change. She still talks the same way she is raised on. Environment is reflected on her. This is the naturalistic element in the play.
Surrealistic technique:
Paula tells Ellean that she is jealous of her.
This is not real. It is surrealistic. Pinero employs the surrealistic technique to incarnate Paula's verbal fight to Ellean. Surrealism is an anti realistic technique. It is used in drama to make an oppressed character to fight her presence against a utilitarian form.
The play after being realistic, it becomes dream like.
Surrealism is an anti-realistic technique that was point at the beginning of the 20th century. It is used in drama to make an oppressed character fight for her freedom against a utilitarian form. The fight is like a dream or a nightmare. One of the surrealistic leaders says that violence should be limited on language. This is what happens in this scene. However, another surrealistic leader believed that violent should be shown in both language and action. Pinero employs the surrealistic technique to incarnate Paula's verbal fight with Aubrey. Paula tells Ellean that she is jealous of her.
The play after being realistic, it becomes dream like.
Realism in the play - Victorianism
Pinero is known by employing realism in his plays. He is described as being realistic. However, he uses some Impressionistic technique- like the impressionistic monologue.
Here, he is using surrealism.
There is class distinction, class conflict in the play. We see the working class. Aubrey has servants and he is the master. This is the influence of socialism in the play as a modern them. According to Carl Marx- 19th century philosopher- he said that the society should be classless society to cancel social oppression and replace it with social justice. Socialism was for social justice, but it made to justice. It made poor getting poorer. It makes the poor people rule the country. They turned thieves. They had social envy, they started ruling as the masters. Socialism created master and slaves.
This is social realism.
In the play, there is realism. The writer talks about his own society and criticizes it.
· This is an example of realism in the play. It is known that Pinero is a realistic writer. He is influenced by Henrik Ibsen. He is realistic but he employs some experimental techniques in his works. But mainly, he is a realistic writer.
(This part can be also used in answering the technique of the writer- using epigrams)
It is a wise saying, epigram mentioned by characters. Characters every now and then utter wise sayings or epigrams. "Marriage often cools friendship' this is realistic. When people get married, they have no time for their friends. The partner takes the place of a friend. This is part of realism in the play. Jayne thinks that Aubrey is having unmatchable marriage. He wants to isolate himself with his friends. His friends think that his marriage will not satisfy society" A horrible mesalliance! "He thinks that he might marry a dairy maid or a shop girl. This shows that Jayne is a classicist. He despises people of the lower class.
· In the 19th century, the natural revolution created a society of capitalist. People are divided into either rich or poor. The poor envy the rich and the upper class despises the lower class because there is a wide gap between both of them.
· " in 9 cases out of ten, a man's marriage severs s for him more close ties than it form"
Another example of epigrams
DRUM~LE Ah! L age critique! +
MISQUITH A dangerous age yes, yes.
DRUMMLE When you two fellows go home, do you mind leaving me behind here?
MISQUITH Not at all.
JAYNE By all means.
DRUMMLE All right. (Anxiously) Deuce take it, the man's second marriage mustn't be another mistake!
· " I must go the way my wife goes" he can sacrifice having friends for the sake of his wife. This is the way the Western man thinks. He changes himself to make his wife happy. He tries to make anything that might make his wife happy and satisfied. He can sacrifice having friends for the sake of his wife.
DRU.MMLE Certainly, in the worst sense. He's married Mabel Hervey.
DRUMMLE You don't--? Oh, of course not. Miss Hervey Lady Orreyed, as she now is was a lady who would have been, perhaps has been, described in the reports of the police or the Divorce Court as an actress. Had she belonged to a lower stratum of our advanced civilisation, she would, in the event of judicial inquiry, have defined her calling with equal justification as that of a dressmaker. To do her justice, she is a type of a class which is immortal. Physically, by the strange caprice of creation, curiously beautiful; mentally, she lacks even the strength of deliberate viciousness. Paint her portrait, it would symbolise a creature perfectly patrician; lance a vein of her superbly modelled arm, you would get the poorest vin ordinaire! Her affections, emotions, impulses, her very existence a burlesque! Flaxen, five-and-twenty, and feebly frolicsome; anybody's, in less gentle society I should say everybody's, property! That, doctor, was Miss Hervey who is the new Lady Orreyed. Dost thou like the picture?
they are making fun of a prostitute
Drummle is telling them about George Orreyed who is one of the upper classes who got married to a fallen woman.
They are making fun of a prostitute. They are typical Victorian characters. They have severe judgment of people. People are good or bad, black or white. They are narrow- minded. this is Victorianism. They are typical Victorian characters. They do not sympathize with a fallen woman even if she repents. If she repents, they do not forgive her. God forgives a prostitute if she repents, but they do not forgive.
) this part can be added to the characterization of Aubrey)
Aubrey is the one who sympathizes with the lady. He is anti- Victorian.
AUBREY (laying his hand on Drummle's shoulder) You'd scarcely believe it, Jayne, but none of us really know anything about this lady, our gay young friend here, I suspect, least of all.
He thinks that some ladies who are poor and need to live, they are obliged to work as prostitutes. They do not choose this position but the circumstances put them in such situation. He sympathizes with the. He does not make fun of this lady like the others. He thinks of her as a human being. He is a socialist. He believes that all people are equal. He does not despise the prostitute. Like Carl Marx he believes that having a classless society is a good idea. All people should be the same. There should not be division between classes.
Drummle is a classicist person. He does not want his friend to marry a woman from society. Aubrey is defying the society. He is challenging the society. He knows that he is doing something against the Victorian society. He knows that he will be blamed and he is ready for that.
AUBREY Thanks. I've heard you say that from forty till fifty a man is at heart either a stoic or a satyr.
AUBREY I am neither. I have a temperate, honourable affection for Mrs. Jarman. She has never met a man who has treated her well intend to treat her well. That's all. And in a few years, Cayley, if you've not quite forsaken me, I'll prove to you that it's possible to rear a life of happiness, of good repute, on a--miserable foundation.
There is psychological realism. Paula said to Aubrey that they had better live with each other without marriage. She wanted dearly to be a married woman. For her, there is no a plight to be a married woman between married women. None of her neighbors come to visit her. She is bored of the daily routine of their life. There is nothing new. She is isolated, alienated as if she is ostracized from the people. None of the neighbors' want to talk to her.
(This part should be used in answering the question of characterization)
In a problem play there is psychological realism in characterization. Psychological realism is associated with Freud and his theory of dreams and Henry Louise Person.
The Theory of time of the French philosopher Henry Louise Person is applicable to Pinero's plat The Second Mrs. Tanqueray. He asks the writers to emphasize duration or time of consciousness. One always remembers things from the past. People from the past come to his present and future to remind him with the past. Things from the past are poping out into the present. He means that the character's memories should be stressed because they psychologically affect their behaviour. Person's concept of duration shows that memories affect one's life at present and in the future.
In the play, Ardale comes from the past to ruin Paual's present life. She found the key of her apartment where she used to live in with Ardale in London in her purse. This key reminds her with her past with Ardale.
Person says that man has two kinds of memories; first, man's habit memory that helps him to memorize easily some past events, Second, man's pure memory stores unpleasant past events in a deep spot of the mind. These events are forgotten. Man hardly remembers them because they lay deep in his unconscious mind. Man often gets nightmare because of these forgotten memories which causes conflict. Paula keeps on remembering things from the past. In this play, Paual's habit memory is active. when Drummle visit Paula and Aubrey , she unconsciously remind him of their good old days on Peter Jarama's yacht. Should not mention these days after her marriage. Later she tells Ardale that she has recently come across the key of their old apartment in an old purse. After a while, Paula recovers and stops. Paual's slips of tongue show that her habit memory, which keeps her past, chases her against her will at present and in the future.
Paula's fight with her husband is realistic. She tells him that she thinks that Ellean will not come to live with her again. She believes that Aubrey wants to keep his daughter away because he considers Paula not a decent companion for Ellean. He thinks that she might corrupt her. Aubrey does not deny that. He offends Paula. He is always insulting, offending her all the time. She gets angry. She wants to leave. He confines her to
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