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sway · 2011- 6- 5

lecture 2 ::
q Animals & Human language:
§ animals, birds, seals, ….etc) imitate what humans say.
§ other creatures communicate with other members of their own species.
§ some kinds of communication between humans and other creatures .

Communicative Signals: When you want others to get what is in your mind intentionally through using language.
Informative signals: When others get other information about you unintentionally and indirectly ( your color, age , health, sex ….etc )

The Properties of human language ::

The primary function of human language is communication .
Other creatures don’t use language as humans .

ü Reflexivity”:: The difference is that humans are able to reflect on language and its uses .
ü . Reflexivity or reflexiveness:It is the distinguishing feature of human language
which means .
ü . Reflexivity or reflexiveness::Using the language to think and talk about the language itself.
( هنا 3 عبارات للتعريف لكن كلها بنفس المعنى ))
Displacement: Using language to refer to the past and future not present in the immediate environment.
§ Animals can communicate only for the exact moment .

Arbitrariness: The relationship between linguistic signs and objects or meaning .

§ The connection between linguistic form and its meaning is arbitrary.
§ less arbitrary connection:: some words in language with sounds that seem to “ echo” the sounds of objects or activities .
§ For animals signs ::there is connection between the conveyed message and the signal used to represent or indicate that message.Non- arbitrariness”
§ for humans _________arbitary
§ for animals --------------non arbitrariness .
Productivity/ creativity / open-ended:- Creating continually new expressions by manipulating linguistic resources to describe new objects and situations.

§ the novel utterances of any human language is INFINATE.
§ For animals it is impossible to produce new signals to communicate novel experiences or events.
§ honeybeeswhere they are able to communicate the location of a nectar source.with no words and can’t invent one
§ - Fixed Reference :: The limiting feature of animal communication where each signal
§ in their system is fixed in relating to a particular object or occasion. These signals
§ are fixed in terms of their reference and cannot be manipulated.
§ 5. Cultural Transmission:- The process where a language is passed on from generation to the next.
§ - Human language can be acquired and not inherited .
§ - Humans can inherit physical features from their parents but not their language.
§ - Humans acquire their first language as children in a culture.
§ Regarding animals :: the creatures are born with a set of specific signals that are produced instinctively.
§ 6. Duality/Double articulation:- the language is organized in two levels or layers simultaneously.
§ 1 - Physical level: The level at which we can produce individual sounds like ( n, r, g, b and I ….etc. These discrete or separated forms have no intrinsic meaning.
§ 2 - Combination level :- In a particular combination such as bin, we have another level producing a meaning that is different from the meaning of the combination in nib.
§ duality is one of the most economical features of human language…..because::
At one level, we have distinct sounds, and at another level, we have distinct meaning.
§

2011- 6- 5	#152
sway أكـاديـمـي مـشـارك الملف الشخصي: رقم العضوية : 35841 تاريخ التسجيل: Mon Sep 2009 المشاركات: 2,490 الـجنــس : أنـثـى عدد الـنقـاط : 2916 مؤشر المستوى: 93 بيانات الطالب: الكلية: غير طالب الدراسة: غير طالب التخصص: اللغه العربية المستوى: خريج جامعي	رد: مرآجعة مدخل إلى اللغويات ( للاختبار النهائي) :: هنا :: lecture 2 :: q Animals & Human language: § animals, birds, seals, ….etc) imitate what humans say. § other creatures communicate with other members of their own species. § some kinds of communication between humans and other creatures . Communicative Signals: When you want others to get what is in your mind intentionally through using language. Informative signals: When others get other information about you unintentionally and indirectly ( your color, age , health, sex ….etc ) The Properties of human language :: The primary function of human language is communication . Other creatures don’t use language as humans . ü Reflexivity”:: The difference is that humans are able to reflect on language and its uses . ü . Reflexivity or reflexiveness:It is the distinguishing feature of human language which means . ü . Reflexivity or reflexiveness::Using the language to think and talk about the language itself. ( هنا 3 عبارات للتعريف لكن كلها بنفس المعنى )) Displacement: Using language to refer to the past and future not present in the immediate environment. § Animals can communicate only for the exact moment . Arbitrariness: The relationship between linguistic signs and objects or meaning . § The connection between linguistic form and its meaning is arbitrary. § less arbitrary connection:: some words in language with sounds that seem to “ echo” the sounds of objects or activities . § For animals signs ::there is connection between the conveyed message and the signal used to represent or indicate that message.Non- arbitrariness” § for humans _________arbitary § for animals --------------non arbitrariness . Productivity/ creativity / open-ended:- Creating continually new expressions by manipulating linguistic resources to describe new objects and situations. § the novel utterances of any human language is INFINATE. § For animals it is impossible to produce new signals to communicate novel experiences or events. § honeybeeswhere they are able to communicate the location of a nectar source.with no words and can’t invent one § - Fixed Reference :: The limiting feature of animal communication where each signal § in their system is fixed in relating to a particular object or occasion. These signals § are fixed in terms of their reference and cannot be manipulated. § 5. Cultural Transmission:- The process where a language is passed on from generation to the next. § - Human language can be acquired and not inherited . § - Humans can inherit physical features from their parents but not their language. § - Humans acquire their first language as children in a culture. § Regarding animals :: the creatures are born with a set of specific signals that are produced instinctively. § 6. Duality/Double articulation:- the language is organized in two levels or layers simultaneously. § 1 - Physical level: The level at which we can produce individual sounds like ( n, r, g, b and I ….etc. These discrete or separated forms have no intrinsic meaning. § 2 - Combination level :- In a particular combination such as bin, we have another level producing a meaning that is different from the meaning of the combination in nib. § *duality is one of the most economical features of human language…..because:: At one level, we have distinct sounds, and at another level, we have distinct meaning.* §