بصراحه المحاضره ناقصه عندك ياميس انجلش
وفي شرايح انتي تركتها من المحاضره الثانيه ولاترجمتها شوفي هذي اول شريحه من المحاضره
Communication Versus Translation
All communicators are translators, because they receive signals in speech and in writing containing messages encoded in a communication system which is not identical with their own.
All communicators tend to face the same problems as those of translators, because they need to read the text, make sense of a text. They need to deconstruct it and then reconstruct it.
Therefore, we can say that any model of communication is a model of translation.