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رد: l|][Ξ¯▪ Last Year 1st Semester ▪¯Ξ][|l
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Lecture 1
What is Linguistics?
It is the scientific study of human natural language.
What is scientific?
When we say that a linguist aims to be scientific, we mean that he attempts to study language in much the same way as a scientist studies physics or chemistry, that is systematically, and as far as possible without prejudice. It means observing language use, forming hypotheses about it, testing these hypotheses and then refining them on the bases of the evidence collected.
· Linguistics shares with other sciences a concern to be objective, systematic, consistent, and explicit in its account of language. Like other sciences, it aims to collect data, test hypotheses, devise models, and construct theories. Its subject matter, however, is unique: at one extreme it overlaps with such ‘hard’ sciences as physics and anatomy; at the other, it involves such traditional ‘arts’ subjects as philosophy and literary criticism. The field of linguistics includes both science and humanities, and offers a breadth of coverage that, for many aspiring students of the subject, is the primary source of its appeal.
· When we study human language, we are approaching what some might call the “human essence, “the distinctive qualities of mind that are, so far as we know, unique to man.
· Noam Chomsky, Language and Mind Why unique? - The possession of language, perhaps more than any other attribute, distinguishes humans from other animals. To understand our humanity, one must understand the nature of language that makes us human.
What is language?
A language is a set of signals by which we communicate. Human beings are not the only species to have an elaborate communication system. Even if human languages do not differ in essence from animal communication, they certainly differ in degree. Nothing in the animal kingdom can be compared to human language for flexibility, complexity, … etc.
Remember:
Wherever human exists,..............
.........language exists.
language is a systematic means of communicating ideas and feelings by the use of a set conventional symbols.
What is a linguist?
A scientist who investigates language in all its facets: structure, history, use and place in society.
A Polyglot
Someone who speaks several languages.
Linguist # Polyglot
The linguist is concerned with natural languages. The question what is language deals with each of the several thousands distinct natural languages spoken throughout the world.
What the linguist wants to know is whether all natural languages have something in common not shared by other systems of communication, human or nonhuman (like Esperanto, or bee’s language.)
Esperanto
It is a language created by humans. Its creators were people interested in world government who believed that having a worldwide common language was a prerequisite for such a government. Since its creation, Esperanto has not fulfilled the dreams of its creators.
Although Esperanto societies exist to promote its proliferation, it lacks the vitality of a natural language. Here, however, Esperanto will serve nicely as an example of a word ending syntax language. Look at the pictures and text below, and see if you can figure out the meanings.
Branches of Linguistics
Different branches may be distinguished according to the linguist’s focus and range of interest.
1. General linguistics
2. Applied linguistics
3. Historical linguistics
4. Descriptive linguistics
5. Computational linguistics
General linguistics
General linguistics is commonly used when one wants to emphasize the universal applicability of linguistic theory and method in the study of languages.
It thus includes the theoretical, descriptive and comparative biases of the subject. It is sometimes seen in contrast with those branches of linguistics where there is an interdisciplinary or applied orientation (as in sociolinguistics and applied linguistics).
Applied linguistics
The application of the methods and results of linguistics to such areas as language teaching; national language policies; translation; language in politics; advertising; classrooms and courts (forensic linguistics).
Historical linguistics
A branch of linguistics which studies the development of language and languages over times; also known as diachronic linguistics. Historical linguistics uses the methods of the various branches of linguistics (including sociolinguistics, especially in considering the reasons for language change).
One thus encounters such subfields as “historical phonology/ morphology/ syntax” etc.
Descriptive linguistics
The aim of descriptive linguistics is to describe the facts of linguistic usage as they are, and not how they ought to be, with reference to some imagined ideal state.
Computational linguistics
Computational linguists study natural languages, such as English and Japanese, rather than computer languages, such as Fortran, Snobol, or Java. The field of computational linguistics has two aims:
(1) the technological aim to enable computers to be used as aids to in analysing and processing natural language, and
(2) the psychological aim to understand, by analogy with computers, more about how people process natural languages.
It also includes research on automatic translation, electronic production of artificial speech and the automatic recognition of human speech.
What is linguistics?
· Fundamentally, the field of linguistics is concerned with the nature of language and (linguistic) communication.It is an attempt to break down the board questions about the nature of language and communication into smaller, more manageable questions that we can hope to answer, and in so doing establishing reasonable results that we can build on in moving closer to answers to the larger questions.As you will see, the field covers a surprisingly board range of topics related to language and communication.
Levels of Linguistics:
Phonetics
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmat
1. Phonetics and phonemic transcription: introduces the physiology involved in the production of speech sounds as well as phonemic and phonetic transcription systems that are used to represent the sounds of English.
2. Phonology: surveys the organizational principles that determine the patterns of the speech sounds are subject to.
3. Morphology: is concerned with the properties of words and word-building rules
4. Syntax: presents a study of the structure of sentences and phrases.
5. Semantics: surveys the properties of linguistic meaning.
6. Pragmatics: explores some of the issues involved in describing human communication and proposes certain communication strategies that people use when they talk to each other.
7. Language Acquisition in Children: studies the stages involved in language acquisition by humans and reviews the evidence for positing a genetically endowed “Language Acquisition Device.”
8. Language Variation: deals with the ways speakers and groups of speakers can differ from each other in terms of the various forms of language that they use.
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