This limiting feature of animal communication is described in terms of fixed reference(a property of a communication system whereby each signal is fixed as relating to one particular object or occasion).
Cultural transmission
Cultural transmission is the process whereby knowledge of a language is passed from one generation to the next. We acquire a language in a culture with other speakers and not from parental genes. It is clear that humans are born with some kind of predisposition to acquire language in a general sense. The general pattern in animal communication is that creatures are born with a set of specific signals that are produced instinctively. Unlike animals, human infants, growing up in isolation, produce no ‘instinctive’ language.
Duality
Duality is a property of language whereby linguistic forms have two simultaneous levels of sound production and meaning, also called ‘double articulation’. Sounds, like r, a and c as individual sounds have no meanings. In a particular combination such as car, we have another level producing a meaning that is different from the meaning of the combination in arc. So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and, at another level, we have distinct meanings.
This duality of levels is, in fact, one of the most economical features of human language because, with a limited set of discrete sounds, we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (e.g. words) which are distinct in meaning.
Among other creatures, each communicative signal appears to be a single fixed form that cannot be broken down into separate parts.
Talking to animals
If these five properties of human language make it such a unique communication system, quite different from the communication systems of other creatures, then it would seem extremely unlikely that other creatures would be able to understand it. Some humans, however, do not behave as if this is the case. There is, after all, a lot of spoken language directed by humans to animals, apparently under the impression that the animal follows what is being said.
If it seems difficult to conceive of animals understanding human language, then it appears to be even less likely that an animal would be capable of producing human language. After all, we do not generally observe animals of one species learning to produce the signals of another species.
So many experiments have been conducted in order to teach chimpanzees human language, sign language, or even a system of communication (using plastic shapes), but the results were so poor, proving that even the most close creatures to us are unable to acquire or learn our language.
نكمل ماتبقى من المحاضرة الثانية
هده الميزة المحدودة لاتصال الحيوان توصف في المصطلح من التوابع او الخصائص الثابتة (خاصية نظام الاتصال التي توصف وفقا لكل اشارة وهي ثابتة كما تتعلق بأحد الاهداف (الموضوع ) او المناسبة (الحدث) .
نجي لcultural transmission
الانتقال الثقافي
العملية وفقا للمعرفة هي تمر من جيل للتالي . ونحن نكتسب الثقافة من المتحدثين الاخرين وليس من جينات الاباء .
ويتضح هدا بأن الانسان(البشر) يولدون ببعض انواع الاستعدادات لكتساب الغة بشكل عام الحواس . النمادج العامة في اتصال الحيوانات والتي تولد مع المخلوقات الاخرى مع مجموعة من الاشارات الخاصة والتي تنتج بشكل(instinctive) بشكل غريزي . الحيوانات الغير متشابهه الرضع من الاطفال ينشؤن في عزلة انتاج الغة عندهم غير غريزي .
نجي لل(DUALITY)
الازدواجية :
هي خاصية من الغة وفقا لشكل الغة ولها مستويين (متزامنين في وقت واحد (simultaneous) من انتاج الاصوات والمعنى ايضا تسمى النطق المزدوج .
الاصوات مثل r,a, و c, ادا كانت بشكل فردي لا يكون لها معنى ,في تركيب خاص مثل (car) لدينا مستوى اخر انتاج المعنى الدي يختلف عن معنى المركب في (car)
لدلك في المستوى الواحد لدينا او في احد المستويات لدينا صوت مستقل وفي مستوى اخر لدينا معنى مستقل .
هده الازدواجية من المستويات هي في الحقيقة اكثر الميزات الاقتصادية للغة الانسان لان مع هده المجموعة المحدوده المنفصلة للاصوات انتاج ثنائي لعدد كبير من التركيبات الصوتية (مثلا الكلمات words) التي هي مستقلة في المعنى
بين المخلوقات الاخرى كل اشارة تواصلية تظهر لتكون رمز لشكل ثابت لا يمكن ان نقسمه الى اجزاء مختلفة