lecture 6



Sound Change:

1-From Middle to Modern English, some sounds disappeared, word initials, stops {K} and {g} are no longer pronounced before {n}, for example, know, knight etc..

2-Metathesis means reversal in position in two sounds in a word. For example,

Frist to First

Brid to Bird



In some American dilects, the form aks can still be held instead of ask.



3-Another type of sound change is epenthesis, is means of addition of a sound to the middle of a word, e.g. spinel to spindle



The addition of {p} after {m} as in empty can also be heard in today's English in some speakers pronunciation of something à sumpthing.



4- Prosthesis, tha addition of a sound to the beginning of a word. For example, schola à escoulda?

Spanish Speakers who are starting to learn English will often put a vowel at the beginning, e.g. strange à estrange.



Syntactic Changes:

1-In Old English we find the Subject Verb Object order common in modern English, but we can also find a number of different other orders that are no longer used. For example, the subject could follow the verb, e.g. ''troubled he'' & the object could be placed before the verb. ''he him saw''. Double ngatives were also used '' you not give never''

" نفي النفي إثبات"

The most important change in the form English sentence was the loss of inflectional affixes.

Selde à he give

Seldestà you give



2-Nouns, adjectives, articles, & pronouns all had different inflectional forms according to their grammatical function in the sentence.