م5
What did writers do to escape from censorship?
Writing prefaces to justify the writing of novels
Changing the setting like solitary islands or remote places and past times
The setting is the (time- place- time and place) of the novel.
Seeking patronage
Calling the novel history or tale or adventure or just giving it any other name in order to avoid censorship
True or False?
Censorship was good for the rising novel(خطا)
Unnecessary prefaces
Exaggeration
Not giving the novel its proper name
اللي فوق تعبر عيوب صح ؟
Verisimilitude مصطلح (فرنسي-مصري -ايطالي )؟
Features of the novel
Title expressive (remote-exotic)
Prefaces
No dialogue
Illustrations
repetition
All places very queer
Setting
Sharp but indirect criticism
Demerits
Titles of novels and chapters
Subtitles
Coincidence
Language
Illustrations
م6
Summary of Watt’s Point of View
Defoe describes Robinson as the embodiment of the age in which he lived.
Robinson is interested in himself an individual.
He is so keen on collecting money and on becoming rich.
This financial issue is the most obvious trait of his character.
It is even more important than any other values in his life, even more important than his parents and friends.
Individualism in Robinson Crusoe النزعة الفردية لروبنسون كروزو
In Robinson Crusoe, the writer focuses entirely on the character of Robinson as if no one else exists.
When Robinson deals with anyone even his parents and friends, we understand that his own good and desires come first.
That is why, as we will see, he does not listen to the advice of his parents or even know what happened to his friends
The most important thing Defoe’s characters are interested in is (love- marriage- money).
As an 18th century writer, Defoe was interested most in (sports- the individual- schools).
The most important feature the critic has noticed about Robinson Crusoe is (spiritualism- individualism- culture).
A Word about Daniel Defoe
He worked a s a journalist most of the time.
This made his style and language easier than those of other writers who did not work as journalists.
He got interested in stories full of action and adventure
He knew how to create suspense and excitement in readers.
He liked to refer to facts and data in all he wrote.
He came to novel- writing at the age of 59.
This means that the novels he wrote suffered from certain technical problems.
How old was Defoe when he wrote Robinson Crusoe? (45- 55- 59)
Defoe worked as a (teacher preacher- journalist) before writing Robinson Crusoe.
Defoe’s language is (easy- hard- ambiguous) because he worked as a journalist.
One thing Daniel Defoe liked to refer to in his novels is (facts- women- children)
What did Defoe write about?
Individuals in search of fortune, dreaming of wealth
Adventures of all sorts
Remote places like islands and African nations.
Stories of exotic people (different from the British)
The clash between science and religion
Some Disadvantages of Robinson Crusoe بعض عيوب رواية روبنسون كروزو (وهي تعبر عن عيوب روايات تلك الفترة :
Serialization التسلسل
Patronage طلب الدعم
Prefaces المقدمات
Long titles طول العناوين
Sentimentalism العاطفة
Repetition التكرار
Colonialism الاستعمارية
Contradiction التناقض
The omniscient narrator الراوي العليم
Serialization
Every chapter or episode for instance had to be interesting in itself as if it were the end product and as if it would not be followed by other installments.
Structural cohesion in this sense was sacrificed for the sake of arousing the immediate attention of readers.
Patronage
A lot of novelists had to seek ‘patronage’ among politicians, businessmen, and even the court itself. This promised to be the last resort for writers who wanted to escape the anger of the reading public and the censorship of authorities.
The opening pages of so many eighteenth century novels are almost always dedicated to praise of the author’s patron or ‘patroness’.
This is unnecessary as it has nothing to do with the novel itself.
Such pages can easily be removed.
Robinson Crusoe also has this disadvantage.
Mark as True of False
Robinson Crusoe does not have organic unity. √
The structure of Robinson Crusoe is weak. √
Defoe preferred the excitement of readers to the cohesion of the novel. √
Robinson Crusoe was published in serials. √
Serialisation means a type of food. X
To avoid censorship, 18th century novelists resorted to patronage.(صح )
To avoid censorship, 18th century novelists refused to write prefaces to their novels(خطا)
To avoid censorship, 18th century novelists insisted on calling their new books “novels”(خطا)
To avoid censorship, 18th century novelists discussed current topics in the same way.(خطا)
م7
full titles :
Like all other novels in the 18th century, the title page is so long.
It is long because the writer wants to:
Make the novel interesting to readers.
Prove that it is not “a novel” but just a history or some adventures.
Make sure thee reader will buy the book using illustrations and explanations
Sentimentalism
It means a lot of crying and tears on any occasion. It is affected, not real. Men and women are described as shedding tears.
It is against verisimilitude.
It is one of the common features of the novel in the 18th century.
This is not touching all the time. It could be insincere. An example is Robinson's parents early in the novel
Repetition
The reasons behind repetition are:
-the novel was published in journals and the writer had to remind readers every time of what has been said before.
The writer had no experience of novel-writing before and that is why he could not avoid repetition.
اختر
Robinson Crusoe is full of redundancy:
It is full of fun
It is full of irony
It is full of repetition
Redundancy is…… in Robinson Crusoe .
An advantage
A disadvantage
Vague
Colonialism (الفوقية )
Robinson feels very important as a British citizen. For him Africans and Arabs and even Muslims are lower classes of people. He is the superior one. For him they are inferior
Contradiction
No experience in novel-writing led writers to contradict themselves without noticing it.
The novel is full of contradiction which is understandable in the light of the things explained above
Examples:
promising to obey God and parents then obeying only himself,
saying that he has close friends then getting rid of them so soon,
visiting Africa to know more about it but considering it to be inferior and referring to it in a vulgar way.
Describing the voyage as the most successful one while we know that it is not.
The omniscient narrator
First of all, the word omniscient means a narrator who knows everything about characters and events.
He is the one through whose eyes the whole novel is narrated.
In the novel, no character speaks for himself or herself. All are given to us from the point of view of that narrator. We are just told about them.
The same thing with events which are narrated only from the point of view of the narrator.
This is of course a demerit in novel writing as it detracts from the reader’s right to free judgement.
True or false:
The word omniscient means a narrator who knows everything about characters and events√(صح)
Best Answer?
Using the omniscient narrator is (an advantage- a disadvantage- needed) in the 18th century novel.