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متميزة اللغة الانجليزية - المستوى السابع
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رد: تعاوا نذاكر لغويات
بسم الله راح نبدى المحاضره الاولى
Lecture 1
Introduction to Linguistics
Eng 250
مقدمه في اللغويات التطبيقية
Chapter 1 - The Origins of Language
I. Introduction
II. The Divine Source
III. The Natural Sound Source
IV. The Social Interaction Source
V. The Physical Adaptation Source
VI. The Tool-Making Source
VII. The Genetic Source
VIII. Sample Questions
I. Introduction
q The Origins of language:
A. Darwin’s vision [ Early humans developed musical ability before language and were using it to charm each other ]
B. No one is sure or knows exactly how language originated because of the absence of direct physical evidence or artifacts related to our ancestors .
C. The ability to produce sound and simple vocal patterns ( a hum, Shsh, grunt,…. ) by humans and vertebrates , fish and other mammals, appears to be in an ancient part of the brain. This ability is not considered as human language.
D. Some type of spoken language is believed to develop between 100,000 and 50,000 years ago
E. Written language is believed to develop 50,000 years ago.
F. The different between language & a language.
- Language refers to human languages in general
- A language refers to a specific language
II. The Divine Source
§ In most religions, there appears to be a divine source who provides humans with language.
§ The basic hypothesis [ If human infants were allowed to grow up without hearing any language, they would spontaneously begin using the original god-given language]
§ 2,500 years ago, Psamtik ( an Egyptian Pharoh ) concluded that Phrygian must be the original language. His experiment [ Two newborn babies were isolated for two years except the company of goats and mute shepherd . They uttered Phrygian word “ bekos” which means “ bread’]
§ Phrygian = An older language spoken in part of modern Turkey
§ The commentators said that the two children must have heard what the goats were saying.
§ A similar experiment carried out by King James; the 4th of Scotland, and concluded that the children began speaking “ Hebrew”, the language of the Garden of Eden.
§ Conclusion: If young children were living without access to human language , they’d grow with no language at all. Also if human language did emanate from a divine source, we have no way of reconstructing that original language.
III. The Natural Sound Source
The basic idea of Natural sound source:
- Primitive words could have been imitations of the natural sounds which early people heard around them. [ When an early human heard an object produced a sound, he or she tried to imitate that sound ( e.g. sound of flying “ CAW-CAW”, “mew”, ‘ co-co” and then used it to refer to the thing that produced the sound]
- All modern languages have some words with pronunciations that seem to echo sounds that occur naturally (e.g. cuckoo, splash, bang, boom, rattle, buzz, hiss, screech )
-Bow-Wow Theory: Words with pronunciations that seem to echo sounds that occur naturally)
-Onomatopoeia: Words that sound similar to the noises they describe “ hiss, Shsh, ouch, …
-Also the original sounds of language may have come from natural cries of emotion such as ( pain, anger and joy )
- Interjections are sounds that are usually produced with sudden intake breath such as “ ouch!, ah!, wow!, Yuck” which is the opposite of ordinary talk .
IV. The Social Interaction Source
“Yo-he-ho” theory”:
- The person’s sounds involved in physical effort and several people could be the source of our language where the interactions had to be coordinated.
- [ A group of people develop a set of hums, grunts, groans and curses when working ]
- In case of social context where people have to live in groups, there must be some
form of principled and organized communication.
- Apes and primates live in social groups and use grunts and special social calls, but haven’t developed the capacity for speech.
V. The Physical Adaptation Source
This view concerns the physical features that humans possess which are different from other creatures and relevant for speech production.
A. Human teeth [ not useful for ripping or tearing food but suitable for grinding and chewing. Also they are better for making sounds like f & v ]
B. Human lips [ they help in making sounds like p & b because they are flexible ]
C. Human mouth [It is relatively small and can be opened and closed rapidly]
D. Human tongue [ It is small, thicker and can be used to shape a wide variety of sound inside the cavity ]
E. Human larynx or voice box [ It contains the vocal cords or vocal folds . It differs in position from primates such as monkeys ]
F. Human Pharynx [ it is above the vocal cords . It acts as a resonator for increased range and clarity of the sounds produced]
VI. The Tool-Making Source
- Some believe that manual gestures is a precursor of language.
- The human brain is lateralized. That means each hemisphere or part of the brain dominates or has specialized functions .
- It is believed that there is a connection between the language- using and tool-using abilities and both were involved in the development of speaking brain. In other words, humans produce single noises to indicate objects in their environment.
- Because all languages, including sign language, require the organizing and combining of sounds or signs in specific arrangement, a part of brain is developed to specialize in making these arrangements.
VII. The genetic Source
- We all know that physical changes take place in the human baby during first few years.
-The baby’s brain is only a quarter of its normal weight
- The larynx is much higher in the throat
- In a short period of time,
- The larynx descends
- The brain develops
- The child starts walking and talking
All these developments happen automatically
- Innateness Hypothesis It means that human offspring are born with genetically innate capacity for language
- The investigation of the origins of language turns into a search for the special “ language gene” that only humans possess.
VIII. Sample Questions
1. According to Darwin’s view, why had early humans developed musical ability? _______________________
A. To sing with each other B. To charm each other
C. To play games D. To fight their enemies
2. One of the following is not an example of simple vocal patterns. It is __________________________.
A. a hum B. a grunt
C. a shepherdD. a hiss
3. When is a written language is believed to develop? ___________________
A. 100,000 years ago B. 50 millions years ago
C. In the year 1950 D. 50,000 years ago
4. We use the word “ _________” to refer to human languages in general.
A. Language B. Languages
C. A language D. The language
5. Human infants would begin using ________________________ if they were allowed to grow up without hearing any language.
A. English language B. animal language
C. God-given language D. sign language
6. According to Psamtik “The Egyptian pharaoh” _____________ must be the original language.
A. English language B. Phrygian
C. god-given language D. sign language
7. _______________ is an old language spoken in part of modern Turkey.
A. Phrygian B. The language of Eden
C. God-given language D. Divine language
8. According King James the 4th of Scotland “_________________” is the language of the Garden of Eden.
A. God-given language B. Hebrew
C. Sign language D. Phrygian
9. The words that sound similar to the noises they describe are called _______________________.
A. Phrygian B. Onomatopoeia
C. ordinary talks D. Interjections
10. _____________ are sounds that are usually produced with sudden intake breath.
A. Phrygian B. Onomatopoeia
C. ordinary talks D. Interjections
11. “ _______________” refers to the person’s sounds involved in physical effort and a group of people where the interactions had to be coordinated .
A. Yo-He-Ho Theory B. Bow-Wow-Theory
C. God-given language D. Divine language
12. The human organ that help in making sounds like “ p & b” is/ are _
A. teeth B. lips
C. tongue D. larynx
13. “ _____________” is above the vocal cords and acts as resonator for increases range of clarity of the sounds produced
A. Human tongue B. Human Pharynx
C. Human mouth D. Human Larynx
14. We mean that the human brain is _____________ when it has specialized functions in each of the two hemispheres.
A. Phrygian B. manual
C. lateralized D. well-shaped
15. “ _______________” means that human offspring are born with genetically innate capacity for language.
A. Yo-He-Ho Theory B. Bow-Wow-Theory
C. God-given language D. Innateness Hypothesis
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