2012- 7- 5
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#22
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متميزة اللغة الانجليزية - المستوى السابع
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رد: تعاوا نذاكر لغويات
Lecture 2 Introduction to Linguistics Eng 250 مقدمه في اللغويات التطبيقية Chapter 2 - Animals & Human Language I. Introduction
II. The properties of human language
1. Reflexivity OR Reflexiveness
2. Displacement
3. Arbitrariness
4. Productivity
5. Cultural Transmission
6. Duality
III. Sample Questions
I. Introduction
q Animals & Human language: A. So many stories have been written about other creatures ( animals, birds, seals, ….etc) that they imitate what humans say.
B. Also, other creatures are capable of communicating with other members of their own species.
C. In addition, there has been some kinds of communication between humans and other creatures
D. Communicative Signals: When you want others to get what is in your mind intentionally through using language.
E. Informative signals: When others get other information about you unintentionally and indirectly ( your color, age , health, sex ….etc )
II. The Properties of human language
§ The primary function of human language is communication
§ Other creatures also communicate in some way but they don’t use language as humans
§ The difference is that humans are able to reflect on language and its uses, and that is called “ Reflexivity”.
1. Reflexivity or reflexiveness: It is the distinguishing feature of human language
which means: Using the language to think and talk about the language itself.
Animals communicate with each other differently and they don’t reflect on the way they create their communicative messages or reviewing how they work. (donkeys don’t bark about barking ).
2. Displacement: Using language to refer to the past and future allowing language users to talk about things, and places and events not present in the immediate environment.
Animals can communicate only for the exact moment they are in regarding objects and place except (bees).
3. Arbitrariness: The relationship between linguistic signs and objects or meaning .
- It is clear that there is no natural connection between linguistic form and its meaning. The connection is arbitrary.
- Despite this fact there are some words in language with sounds that seem to “ echo” the sounds of objects or activities . These words are less arbitrary connection. e.g. ( cuckoo – crash – slurp – squelch – or whirr – Shsh – Oh! .etc )
- For animals signs , it appears to be a clear connection between the conveyed message and the signal used to represent or indicate that message.
This means that there is connection for animals between animal signs and objects or activities they refer to “ Non- arbitrariness” because these signs are very limitedd
4. Productivity/ creativity / open-ended:-Creating continually new expressions and novel utterances by manipulating linguistic resources to describe new objects and situations.
this leads us to say the novel utterances of any human language is INFINATE.
- For animals it is impossible for creatures to produce new signals to communicate novel experiences or events. There is some exceptions like honeybees where they are able to communicate the location of a nectar source to other bees. But they have no word for up in their language and can’t invent one.
- Fixed Reference : The limiting feature of animal communication where each signal in their system is fixed in relating to a particular object or occasion. These signals are fixed in terms of their reference and cannot be manipulated.
5. Cultural Transmission:- The process where a language is passed on from generation to the next.
- Human language can be acquired and not inherited .
- Humans can inherit physical features from their parents but not their language.
- Humans acquire their first language as children in a culture.
Regarding animals : The general pattern in animal communication is that creatures are born with a set of specific signals that are produced instinctively.
6. Duality/Double articulation:- The property of human language where the language is organized in two levels or layers simultaneously.
1 - Physical level: The level at which we can produce individual sounds like ( n, r, g, b and I ….etc. These discrete or separated forms have no intrinsic meaning.
2 - Combination level :- In a particular combination such as bin, we have another level producing a meaning that is different from the meaning of the combination in nib.
- At one level, we have distinct sounds, and at another level, we have distinct meaning. So, duality is one of the most economical features of human language.
In terms of other creatures, each communicative signal appears to be a single fixed form that cannot be broken into separate parts.
e.g. – the dog may produce “woof” but can’t produce combining the separate elements “ w+ oo + f”
III. Sample Questions
1. The primary function of any language is __________________________
A. charming B. creation
C. communicationD. singing
2. The connection is quite ___________________between a linguistic form and its meaning in human language.
A. creative B. arbitrary
C. easy D. reflexive
3. “_______________” accounts for the fact that we can use language to think and talk about language itself.
A. ReflexivityB. Displacement
C. Productivity D. Duality
4. “ g, n , d , o” are example of ____________________
A. cultural transmission B. individual sounds
C. particular combinations D. other creatures
5. All of the following words mean that humans are continually creating new expressions and novel utterances to describe new objects and situations except____________________
A. cultural transmissionB. creativity
C. productivity D. open-ended
6. _________________communicate for the exact moment regarding only time and place they are.
A. Humans B. Animals
C. Humans and animals D. Children
7. When others get unintentional information about you; it is_________
A. Reflexivity B. Displacement
C. informative signalsD. Duality
8. All the following words are considered less arbitrary except______ “ g, n , d , o” are example of ____________________
A. window B. whirr
c. cuckoo D. crash
9. We refer to _________________when the general pattern in communication is that they are born with a set of specific signals that produced instinctively.
A. animalsB. productivity
C. communication D. humans
10. _____________ is the level at which we can produce individual sounds like n, k, d, a ……etc.
A. creative level B. combination level
C. Secondary level D. Physical level
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