اسئلة مادة (الادب الانجليزي _عصرالنهضة )
المحاضره الاولى


1_Before the Reformation ALL Christians in Europe were:
-Roman Catholic
-Christians
-2 Reformation Ended the Religious Unity in
- America
- Europe
-3The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the formation:
- of the new Protestant religions
-Church
-4 Mission of the Church:
-To save the soul of all the members.
- Sales of indulgences
5-People donated one ___________ of the produce from their lands to the church each year
-(1-10)
-(1-8)
6- Invention of movable type (printing) in:
-1450
-1460
7-Invention of movable type (printing) in by:
- Erasmus
- Johann Gutenberg
8-Was ordained a Catholic priest, but never practiced priestly duties:
- Desiderius Erasmus
- Martin Luther

9- The book inspired renewed calls for reform, and influenced Martin Luther:
- Desiderius Erasmus
- Ulrich Zwingli
10- Oct 31, 1517, Martin Luther posted _______ Theses on the church door in Wittenburg, Germany:
_95 Theses
-87 Theses
11- Who said: (that faith is private and church should have no Control over it):
_ Martin Luther
- John Calvin
12- Expulsion Luther:
- Jan 1521
-oct 1512
13- priest in Zurich, Switzerland And Revolted against the Catholic Church:
-Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
-Lutheranism
14-Established his own Protestant Religion in Switzerland:
-Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
_John Calvin (1509-1564)
15-Calvinism : Started in :<نسيت احل سوال هذا
-Switzerland
-Scotland

16- Calvinism believes in:

- Predestination: It is decided, at birth, if people will go to heaven or hell

-Preach a purified existence and opposed to drinking, gambling, card playing, swearing, etc

17-Henry was desperate for a son. So much so he married _____ times:
-6 times
-5 times
18-Henry died year:
-1547
-1540
19-She had over ________ Protestants burned alive as heretics:
_300
-500
20-She had over 300 Protestants burned alive as heretics, which earned her the title:
_ Mary warlike
_ Bloody Mary
21- Mary increased tensions between:
_Catholics and Protestants
_ Calvinism and Protestants
22- Who was against Catholic:
_Desiderius Erasmus ( 1466-1536 )
_John Calvin (1509-1564)

23- 1536 _began reforming Geneva, Switzerland:
_ Martin Luther ( 1483-1546 )
_John Calvin (1509-1564)
_24 Studied, instead, theology and classical Greek at the universities of Paris
and Cambridge:
_ Desiderius Erasmus ( 1466-1536 )
_ Martin Luther ( 1483-1546 )
_25 Praise of Folly Written in :
-Latin
-Greek
بعض الاشياء المهمه

England and America = Puritans
Scotland = The Presbyterians
Holland = The Dutch Reform
France = The Huguenots
Germany = The Reform Church
South Africa = Boers


Reformers
Desiderius Erasmus ( 1466-1536 )
 A Dutch scholar, humanist, and theologian.
 Was ordained a Catholic priest, but never practiced priestly duties.
 Studied, instead, theology and classical Greek at the universities of Paris
and Cambridge.
 Was critical of some of the practices and doctrines of the Catholic Church.
 Sought to reform the Catholic Church.
In Praise of Folly - by Erasmus
 Written in Latin in 1509
 Best-seller (only the Bible sold more by 1550)
 Erasmus was a devout Catholic who sought to reform the Church, not destroy it
 Criticized immorality and hypocrisy of Church leaders and the clergy
 The book inspired renewed calls for reform, and influenced Martin Luther

Martin Luther ( 1483-1546 )
 A German Priest
 Openly addressed the problems in the Church
 Said that faith is private and church should have no Control over it. 3
 Oct 31, 1517, Martin Luther posted 95 Theses on the church door in Wittenburg, Germany
 The 95 theses summarized his criticisms of Church
 1000s of copies distributed throughout Germany and Europe.
Reformation Begins
 By 1521 Luther was calling for Germany to spilt from the catholic Church
 Wanted German princes to overthrow Papal power in Germany and establish a German Church
 Jan 1521 – Luther is excommunicated
 He was summoned by Imperial Diet of Holly Roman Empire to the city of Worms by Emperor
Charles V and was ordered to change his ideas
 Luther – “NO” – The Edict of Worms was issued, making Luther an outlaw Luther kept in hiding by
German princes


Lutheranism
_1Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) / The Zwinglian Reformation
 priest in Zurich, Switzerland
 Revolted against the Catholic Church:
 Banned all religious relics & images
 Whitewashed all church interiors.
 Banned music in church services
 Did not merge with Luther because he disagreed with him on communion .
_2John Calvin (1509-1564) and Calvinism
 Replaced Zwingli (killed in religious war)
 French, fled to Switzerland for safety
 1536 – began reforming Geneva, Switzerland
 Created a church-government of elect and laity
 Used consistory (moral police)
 Sent missionaries throughout Europe to convert Catholics
 His ideas spread to France, Netherlands, Scotland
 Mid 16P
th
P Century – Calvinism more pop than Lutheranism
 Anti-Catholic
 Was influenced by Martin Luther, but..
 Disagreed with Luther’s “Salvation through Faith alone.”
 Established his own Protestant Religion in Switzerland