1- Borrowing: The carry-over of lexical items form source language to target language without formal or semantic modification
1- Loan Translation: The linear substitution of elements of one language by elements of the other (normally noun phrases)
1- Modulation: shifting the point of view of the speaker
Ex : complete in French becomes “ no vacancies “ in English.
التعآريف موجوده بالملخص وهذي هي :)