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فوز.5 · 2012- 12- 27

Text:9

Dīwān

A collection of poetry or prose, a register, or an office. Sources differ about linguistic roots. Some ascribe to it a Persian origin from dev, ‘mad’ or ‘devil’, to describe secretaries. Others consider it Arabic from dawwana, to collect or to register, thus meaning a collection of records or sheets. However, in administration, the term first meant register for troops and then any register. Only later was it used for office. It seems that the idea is foreign, but the term itself was in use earlier.
ʿUmar I instituted the first dīwān (usually called al- Dīwān ) in Islam. The sources ascribe this action to the need to organize the pay, register the fighting forces, and set the treasury in order. Though some reports put this in 15 A.H., more reliable authorities prefer 20 A.H.
This first dīwān was the dīwān al-d̲j̲und . The register covered the people of Medina, the forces that participated in the conquests and those who emigrated to join garrisons in the provinces, together with their families. Some mawālī were included in the register, but this practice was not continued. With the names, pay and rations were indicated. A committee of three genealogists carried out the registration, by tribes, and pay depended on past services to Islam and relationship to the prophet. Registration by tribes continued till the end of the Umayyad period. Similar dīwāns (of d̲j̲und ) were set up in provincial capitals like Baṣra, Kūfa and Fusṭāṭ. Besides, Byzantine and Sāsānian dīwāns of Ḵh̲arād̲j̲ continued to function in the provinces as before.

2012- 12- 27	#37
فوز.5 أكـاديـمـي الملف الشخصي: رقم العضوية : 130711 تاريخ التسجيل: Sun Dec 2012 المشاركات: 24 الـجنــس : أنـثـى عدد الـنقـاط : 50 مؤشر المستوى: 0 بيانات الطالب: الكلية: طالب جامعي الدراسة: انتظام التخصص: طالبة تاريخ المستوى: المستوى السابع	رد: كلمات نصوص اننجليزيه Text:9 Dīwān A collection of poetry or prose, a register, or an office. Sources differ about linguistic roots. Some ascribe to it a Persian origin from dev, ‘mad’ or ‘devil’, to describe secretaries. Others consider it Arabic from dawwana, to collect or to register, thus meaning a collection of records or sheets. However, in administration, the term first meant register for troops and then any register. Only later was it used for office. It seems that the idea is foreign, but the term itself was in use earlier. ʿUmar I instituted the first dīwān (usually called al- Dīwān ) in Islam. The sources ascribe this action to the need to organize the pay, register the fighting forces, and set the treasury in order. Though some reports put this in 15 A.H., more reliable authorities prefer 20 A.H. This first dīwān was the dīwān al-d̲j̲und . The register covered the people of Medina, the forces that participated in the conquests and those who emigrated to join garrisons in the provinces, together with their families. Some mawālī were included in the register, but this practice was not continued. With the names, pay and rations were indicated. A committee of three genealogists carried out the registration, by tribes, and pay depended on past services to Islam and relationship to the prophet. Registration by tribes continued till the end of the Umayyad period. Similar dīwāns (of d̲j̲und ) were set up in provincial capitals like Baṣra, Kūfa and Fusṭāṭ. Besides, Byzantine and Sāsānian dīwāns of Ḵh̲arād̲j̲ continued to function in the provinces as before.