التغير في الاصوات
epenthesis التغير في وسط الكلمة
(spinel → spindle).
metathesis اتبدل مكان الحرف
(frist → first).
‘Great Vowel Shift’. The effects of this general raising of long vowel sounds (such as [oː] moving up to [uː], as in mōna → moon) made the
تغير خارجي الي فوق
From the sixth to the eighth century
اللغة اللاتينيه
انجلو ساكسون الي جابها اللغة \\
From the eighth century through the ninth and tenth centuries
اللغة Old Norse
جابها the Vikings
اصل اللغة الانجليزية المانية
Cognates are words in different languages that have a similar form and meaning (e.g. English ‘friend’ and German ‘Freund’)
applied linguistics. Applied linguistics is the study of a large range of practical issues
strategic competence. This is the ability to organize a message effectively and to compensate, via strategies
sociolinguistic competence. It enables the learner to know when to say Can I have some water? versus Give me some water! according to the social context.
grammatical competence, which involves the accurate use of words and structures.
the variety of speech called foreigner talk