Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual
material in another language.

-Nida and Taber, 1982

-Catford, 1965

-Brislin, 1976

-Pinhuhuck, 1977:38





Translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style

-Brislin, 1976

-Pinhuhuck, 1977:38

-Nida and Taber, 1982

-Catford, 1965




Translation is the general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another (target), whether the languages are in written or oral form; whether the languages have established orthographies or do not have such standardization or whether one or both languages is based on signs, as with sign languages of the deaf

Newmark, 1981-

McGuire, 1980-

-Brislin, 1976

-Pinhuhuck, 1977:38



الشاطر اللي يحل