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جرح سيهات · 2013- 5- 12

بالمرفق اسئلة كومي احفظوها مثل أسمكم بإذن الله راح تجي بالأختبار بالأضافة للنقاط التالية

طبعا كلها من المستوى الماضي بتجميع الطلاب بعضها ممكن مكرره بعض النقاط غير كاملة راح ابحث عن النقاط وأكتبها كامله لأجل توضح الصورة

Horace equates the preserved Greek culture (books) with “elegance”and he equates the popular culture of his own time with “venom

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The central tactic in the attack on the monopoly of Latin was the production of grammar books for the vernacular
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Prior to 1917, Russia romanticized literature and viewed literature from a religious perspective.
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After 1917, literature began to be observed and analyzed. The formalist perspective encouraged the study of literature from an objective and scientific lens
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Formalists are not interested in:
The psychology and biography of the author
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هاذي النقطه ما فهمتها او مالقيتها اذا أحد يعرفها يخبرنا (كيف انتقلت الترجمة الاغريقية الى النهضة عن طريق العرب )
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One of the most influential Formalist contributions to the theory of fiction was the study in comparative folklore, especially Vladimir Propp's Morphology of the Folktale
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For Dante, language was divinely instituted
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Lorenzo Valla could not be more specific:
Indeed, even if utterances are produced naturally, their meanings come from the institutions of men.
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Living Culture” (inGreece) and Monumentculture” (in Rome
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The European imitation was duplicatea replicaof the Latin
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By the 1440s, Italian humanists established the fact that meaning in language is created by humans and shaped by history, not given by God and nature.
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A school of literary scholarship that originated and flourished in Russia in the second decade of the 20

thcentury,

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Their project was stated in

Poetics: Studies in the Theory of Poetic Language (1919), and in Modern Russian Poetry (1921) by Roman Jakobson

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the Formalists rejected traditional definitions of literature
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The subject of literary scholarship is not literature in its totality but

literariness

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Literature “makes strange” ordinary perception and ordinary language and invites the reader to explore new forms of perceptions and sensations, and new ways of relating to language.

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Propp (cont): The31 Functions+7broad character types

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We no longer talk about works but texts.

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هذا ما فهمته او مالقيته (

Tragedy: play)
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the hero should be anaristocrat

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Formalism wanted to solve the methodological confusion which prevailed in traditional literary studies, and establish literary scholarship as a distinct and autonomous field of study.

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Shklovsky' skey terms, "making strange

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هذا ما فهمته او مالقيته يارتي احد يفهمنا ( irrelevantAuthor )

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Focalization: Who Sees?
Genette distinguishes three kinds of focalization:

Zero focalization

Internal focalization

External focalization

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Analepsesoften take on an explanatory role, developing a character's psychology by relating events from his past
vprolepsescan arouse the reader's curiosity by partially revealing facts that will surface later
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Latin authors used poetry and literature for two things only:
- - To improve eloquence
- - To sing the national glories of Rome and show off its culture

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The poet that Plato describes in the Republic, as Eric Havelock shows, is a poet, a performer and an educator