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Target Language knowledge (TL)*
Text-Type knowledge*
Source Language knowledge (SL)*
Subject-area knowledge*
And contrastive knowledge*
4. ----------Generality It must be comprehensive
The Translator :
The translator is the most important element in translation, without him translation does not happen.
What is the Process of Translation
1. It is a complex cognitive operation which takes place in the mind of the translator.
1. Ecology : flora, fauna, winds, plains, hills; ‘honeysuckles’, ‘downs’, ‘plateau’
2. Material culture: (artefacts) (food, clothes, houses and towns, transport.
• In the time of Caliph Al-Mamun, translation prospered and expanded. He established Dar Al-Ĥikmah (The House of Wisdom) for translators.
Yūĥanna bin Batriq’s method, the literal way
• Ĥunayn bin Isĥaq’s method –the free way
Literary: involves the translation of prose and poetry.
1. Simultaneous Interpretation:
In this kind of interpretation, the interpreter listens to what is being
said and then translates it orally and simultaneously into the TL.
What is Machine Translation?
Machine Translation involves the use of computer programmes to translate texts from one natural language into another automatically.
Grammar is the set of rules which determines the way in which units such as words and phrases can be combined in a language.
Grammar is organised along two main dimensions morphology and syntax:
Morphology covers the structure of words, the way in which the form of a word changes to indicate specific contrast in grammatical system:
for instance ,most nouns in English have two forms a singular form and a plural form man/men, child /children/ car/cars.
Syntax covers the grammatical structure of groups, clauses and sentences:
the linear sequences of such classes of words, such as nouns, verbs, adverbs and adjectives, and functional elements such as subject, predicator and object which are allowed in a given language.
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