تعاريف من المحاضرة 3
Determiners: Determiners normally precedes nouns, and are used to help clarify the meaning of the noun
Pronouns: pronouns fill the position of a noun or a whole noun phrase. The reference of a pronoun is
usually made clear by it contexts
Personal pronouns: refer to the speaker, the addressee(s), and other entities
Reflexive pronouns: refer back to a previous noun phrase, usually the subject of the clause
possessive determiners :( my, your, his, ..etc), and usually imply a missing noun head. ( Is this yours, or mine) ( Ours is better than theirs)
Indefinite pronouns: have a broad, indefinite meaning. Some of them are compound words consisting of quantifiers + general noun (everything, nobody, someone). Others consist of a quantifier alone ( all, some, many)
Relative pronouns :(who, whom, which, that) introduce a relative clause. ( I had more friends that were boys) ( He’s the guy who told me about this).
- Interrogative pronouns: ask questions about unknown entities
Auxiliary Verbs : they are added to a main verb to help build verb phrases. Auxiliary verbs
precede the main or lexical verb in a verb phrase
Prepositions: are linking words that introduce prepositional phrases. The prepositional complement following a preposition is generally a noun phrase, so prepositions can also be seen as linking words that connect other structures with noun phrases
Adverbial Particles: are a small group of words with a core meaning of motion.
. Coordinators: used to indicate relationship between two units such as phrases or clauses
Correlative coordinators: ( both X and Y) ( not only X but also Y) ( either X or Y) ( neither X nor Y).
7. Subordinators: are linking words that introduce clauses known as dependent clauses
The auxiliary have is used to form perfect aspect (e.g. I’ve done that once).
•The auxiliary be is used for the progressive aspect or ‘continuous’ aspect(e.g. She was thinking about me).
•The auxiliary do is used in negative statements and in questions ( known as do insertion (e.g. Did he sell it?) (This doesn’t make sense).