became popular in late-nineteenth-century America and is often associated with literary realism.
اشتهرت في اواخر القرن ال19 وارتبطت بالواقعيه .
The term naturalism was initially coined by Emile Zola,
اول من اطلق اسم الطبيعيين ايميلي زولا كاتبه فرنسيه
key figure in the development of French literary naturalism.
ايميلي زولا تعتبر هي التي طورت الطبيعيه الادبيه في فرنسا .
combination of realism and romanticism
الادب الامريكي مزيج بين الواقعيه والرومنسيه
American form is heavily influenced by the concept of determinism—the theory that heredity and environment influence determine human behavior.
يعتقد النقاد ان الشكل الامريكي في الادب تاثر بالحتميه "ديتيرمينيزم " نظرية ان البيئه والوراثه تحدد السلوك البشري .
naturalism is often associated with realism
غالبا ماترتبط الواقعيه بالطبيعيه
instead of free will, a naturalist depicts a character's actions as determined by environmental forces
تبنى الطبيعيون مبدأ ان السلوك البشري تحكمه عوامل البيئه وليس الاراده الحره .
in the late nineteenth century, industrialization, urbanization, mechanization, and an influx of immigrants from all over the world resulted in extreme changes on the American landscape.
عوامل ادت الى تغيير في الساحه الامريكيه
fight for survival—man against nature and man against society; violence; the consequences of sex and sex as a commodity;
موضوعات تناولتها الطبيعيه
2
الطابع الذي اتسمت به القصص القصيره في تلك الفتره
وثائق كئيبه وتشريحيه للحياة الحزينه التي لم تتحقق .
type of literature that attempts to apply scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to its study of human beings.
تعريف الطبيعيه في الادب الامريكي
Unlike realism, which focuses on literary technique, naturalism implies a philosophical position:
الاختلاف بين الواقعيه والطبيعيه
Naturalistic writers believed that the laws behind the forces that govern human lives might be studied and understood.
مبدأ الطبيعيه
Naturalistic writers thus used a version of the scientific method to write their novels;
الطبيعيون يستخدمون منهجا علميا في كتابة الروايات .
they studied human beings governed by their instincts and passions as well as the ways in which the characters' lives were governed by forces of heredity and environment.
الطبيعيون يدرسون البشر الذين تتحكم بهم رغباتهم وغرائزهم كما تتحكم بحياتهم ايضا قوى الوراثه والبيئه .
George Becker's naturalism's philosophical framework can be simply described as "pessimistic materialistic determinism.”
عبارة جورج بيكر الشهيره .
The naturalistic novel usually contains two tensions or contradictions:
الروايه الطبيعيه عادة تحتوي على امران متناقضان ..
The first tension is that between the subject matter of the naturalistic novel and the concept of man which emerges from this subject matter
اول تناقض او تنشن
The second tension involves the theme of the naturalistic novel.
ثاني تنشن
they are conditioned and controlled by environment, heredity, instinct, or chance.
الكاتب الطبيعي يصف شخصياته بانها تحكمها البيئه , الوراثه , الغريزه والصدفه او الحظ
Characters. ill-educated or lower-class characters whose lives are governed by the forces of heredity, instinct, and passion.
صفات الشخصيات عند كتاب الطبيعيه
Setting. Urban
الوضع : حضاري
Techniques and plots "clinical, panoramic, slice-of-life"
التكنيك والحبكه
Themes: 1.Walcutt identifies survival, determinism, violence, and taboo as key themes.
المواضيع الرئيسيه
The conflict in naturalistic novels is often "man against nature" or "man against himself"
الصراعات في الروايات الطبيعيه هي التي بين الرجل ضد الطبيعه والرجل ضد نفسه
Nature as an indifferent force acting on the lives of human beings.
موضوع اخر ..
"nature never did betray the heart that loved her"—
جمله تعبر عن وجهة نظر ووردسوورث
The forces of heredity and environment as they affect--and afflict--individual lives.
الوراثه والبيئه وتاثيرها على حياة الفرد " ايضا من مواضيع الادب الطبيعي او المنتمي الى الحركه الطبيعيه .
An indifferent, deterministic universe.
موضوع اخر من مواضيع الطبيعييين