وعليكم السلام ورحمة الله وبركاته
حل المناقشات من 1 الى 5
المناقشة الأولى
-The Church’s political power started being challenged .
- Unwillingness to depend on the Church and rejection of the constraints it enforced .
- Growing human confidence vs. “original sin” .
-Catholic church becomes defensive and unable to respond to the criticism .
- The confusing nature of scholasticism and of church dogma .
المناقشة الثانية
-Spain’s exploration and colonization were led by the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus. in 1492, Columbus reached the Caribbean Islands. His aim was to find a new route to Asia . Accidentally found America while looking for a westward route to Asia . His voyages considered a turning point in history . - Portugal led the way. A land of experienced sailors who had traveled the seas in search of trade for centuries. Portuguese monarchs like Prince Henry the Navigator understood their country’s dependence on the sea and eagerly finance exploration ventures.
المناقشة الثالثة
-During the Middle Ages in Western Europe, Latin was the language of the Church and the educated people. Humanists began to use the vernacular, and helped develop the national languages of their countries – Italian, French, English, German.- Humanists also had a great impact on education. They supported studying grammar, poetry, and history, as well as mathematics, astronomy, and music. They promoted the concept of the well-rounded individual (Renaissance man) who was proficient in both intellectual and physical endeavors.
المناقشة الرابعة
-Renaissance writings on other peoples and cultures were based on stereotypes and vacillated between fascination, fear and repulsion . - Often those who were seen as foreign or different were demonized, especially true for Jews and Muslims . - Catholic countries like France and Italy are represented in English literature in contradictory ways . - Both countries were admired for their literature, but…The French are portrayed as fickle, vain and untrustworthy - Italians are caricatured as deviant, corrupt, vengeful and lecherous.- The Spaniards are often portrayed as hot-blooded religious extremists . - By contrast, the representation of the Dutch and Germans (fellow Protestants) is generally benign, though comical: Dutch characters often have funny accents and Germans are often presented as hard drinkers.
المناقشة الخامسة
The sonnet is a short poem usually emotional in content. The form was first developed in Italy during the High Middle Ages by well-known figures like Dante Alighieri putting it to use. But the most famous sonneteer of that time was Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374), and it is after him that the Italian sonnet got its name. The sonnet can be thematically divided into two sections:1-The first presents theme or raises an issue.2. The second part answers the question, resolves the problem, or drives home the poem's point. This change in the poem is called the turn and moves the emotional action of the poem from a climax to a resolution.