9-Semantic prototyping is a useful but half step toward compiler-compilers. The idea is to implement the semantic map of L as an interpreter, taking care to make the semantics of the object language as clear as possible (even if to do so makes the interpreter less efficient). As its name suggests, the prototype can serve as a road map for building commercial grade L compilers and interpreters. It can also serve as a road map to L programmers who need to clarify fine points of L semantics.
10- “the entity that performs the action,” technically known as the agent.
“the entity that is involved in or affected by the action,” which is called the theme .
11- Pragmatics is the study of what speakers mean, or “speaker meaning,”. In many ways, pragmatics is the study of “invisible” meaning, or how we recognize what is meant even when it isn’t actually said or written.
12- We use certain types of expressions, called hedges, to show that we are concerned about following the maxims while being co-operative participants in conversation. Hedges can be defined as words or phrases used to indicate that we’re not really sure that what we’re saying is sufficiently correct or complete. We can use sort of or kind of as hedges on the accuracy of our statements, as in descriptions such as His hair was kind of long or The book cover is sort of yellow (rather than It is yellow). These are examples of hedges on the Quality maxim. Other examples would include the expressions listed below that people sometimes put at the beginning of their conversational contributions. As far as I know …, Now, correct me if I’m wrong, but … I’m not absolutely sure, but ….

13- The earliest use of speech-like sounds has been described as cooing. During the first few months of life, the child gradually becomes capable of producing sequences of vowel-like sounds, particularly high vowels similar to [i] and [u]. By four months of age, the developing ability to bring the back of the tongue into regular contact with the back of the palate allows the infant to create sounds similar to the velar consonants [k] and [ɡ], hence the common description as “cooing” or “gooing” for this type of production. Speech perception studies have shown that by the time they are five months old, babies can already hear the difference between the vowels [i] and [a] and discriminate between syllables like [ba] and [ɡa].

14- Positive transfer occurs when something that a person has learned in one situation helps that person learn of perform in another situation. negative transfer occurs when prior knowledge hinders a person's learning or performance at a later time.