ãÔÇåÏÉ ÇáäÓÎÉ ßÇãáÉ : ãÐÇßÑÉ ÌãÇÚíÉ @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
Lovelyy
2014- 4- 28, 02:36 AM
ÈãÇ Çä ãÇÈÞì ÇáÇ ßã íæã Úáì ÇáÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ ÝåäÇ ÈÃÐä Çááå ÑÍ íßæä ÊÌãÚäÇ ááãÐÇßÑÉ :33_asmilies-com:
ÑÍ ÇÌãÚ ßá ãÇíÎÕ ÇáãÇÏÉ áãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÚÔÇä ãÇäÍæÓ ÈÇáãæÇÖíÚ :icon120:
ÇæáÇ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ((1 æ8 æ12 ãÍÐæÝÉ ))
ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ((9 æ14 ÝíåÇ ÊãÇÑíä ãåãÉ ))
äÈÏÇ ÈãÍÊæì ÇáãÇÏÉ
Lovelyy
2014- 4- 28, 02:38 AM
ÇáæÇÌÈÇÊ æÇÓÆáÉ ÇáãÑÇÌÚÉ
Lovelyy
2014- 4- 28, 02:45 AM
ÇÓÆáÉ ÇáÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ áÇßËÑ ãä ÓãÓÊÑ æÇíÖÇ ÇÓÆáÉ ÇáÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÇáãÇÖí
ãáÇÍÙÉ (( ÇáÏß澄 ÇÓÆáÊÉ ãÈÇÔÑÉ Úáì Øæá áÇ áÝ æáÇÏæÑÇä åÐÇ ÇáÔí ÈÓåá ÚáíäÇ ÇíÖÇ ÇÓÆáÊÉ ãä ÇáãÍÊæì ))
äÕ ãÇÝíÉ ÊÛííÑ íÚäí Çáí ãÇíÝåã íÞÏÑ íÍÝÖåÇ :s_45:
æÑÍ ÊáÇÍÙæäåÇ Ýí äãÇÐÌ ÇáÇÓÆáÉ
Lovelyy
2014- 4- 28, 02:52 AM
åäÇ ÔÑÍ ááÇÎ ÇÈæ ÈßÑ æÇÓÆáÉ áßá ÇáãÍÇÖÑÇÊ
äÓíã*
2014- 4- 28, 02:53 AM
ãÇÞÕÑÊí lovely
æãÊÇÈÚíä ãÚÇÇß ÈÞææå
Lovelyy
2014- 4- 28, 03:04 AM
åäÇ ÔÑæÍÇÊ ÈÇáÝíÏíæ Ýí åÇáãæÖæÚ
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/t576763.html
æåäÇ
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/t575548.html
åäÇ ÇíÖÇ
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/t448572.html
Lovelyy
2014- 4- 28, 03:42 AM
ÑÍ ÇÍÇæá ÇÔÑÍ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÇÊ Çáí ÝåãÊåÇ æÇáí íÈÛí íÔÑÍ ãÚÇí æíÔÇÑßäí ÍíÇÉ Çááå
ÈÓã Çááå ÈÈÏÇ ÈÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáËÇäíÉ ÈãÇ Çä ÇáÇæáì ãÍÐæÝÉ
ÇáÌÒÁ ÇáÇæá ãä ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ åæ ( ÇáãÚäì )
(Sense ) æáÉ ÊÚÑÝííä
deals with the relationships inside the language. 1
2 of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language
åäÇ ãËÇá Úáì ÇáãÚäì Çáí åí ßáãÉ bank
äáÇÍÙ ÇáßáãÉ Ýí ÇáÌãáÊíä áåÇ ãÚäííä ãÎÊáÝÉ Çáí åí different sense)) Ýí ÇáãËÇá ÇáÇæá ãÚäÇåÇ (Èäß)ÚäÏí ÍÓÇÈ Ýí ÇáÈäß Ýí ÇáËÇäíÉ ÇÎÊáÝ ãÚäì (Èäß ) ÇÎÐäÇ ÇáÞÇÑÈ ááÌåÉ ÇáÇÎÑì ãä ÇáäåÑ Çæ ÇáÖÝÉ åäÇ äÝÓ ÇáßáãÉ æÊÛíÑ ãÚäåÇ Ýí ßá ãËÇá
“I have an account at the bank.”
“We took the boat to the other bank of the river.”
äÝÓ ÇáÔí íäØÈÞ Úáì ÇáÌãá åäÇ ÇáÌãáÉ ÊÞæá ÇáÏÌÇÌ ÌÇåÒ ááÇßá íÚØíäÇ ÇËäíä ãÚäÇäì ãÎÊáÝÉ ããßä Êßæä ÇáÏÌÇÌ ÌÇåÒÉ ÚÔÇä äÇßáåÇ Çæ ããßä Êßæä ÌÇåÒÉ ÚÔÇä åí ÊÇßá ÇÐÇ åäÇ (tow different sense)
The chicken is ready to eat.”
åäÇ Ýí åÐíä ÇáãËÇáíä ÇáÚßÓ ÇáßáãÉ áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáãÚäì Çä ÑæÈÑÊ ÎáÚ ÇáÌÇßíÊ íÚäì (same sense)
“Rupert took off his jacket.”
“Rupert took his jacket off
Lovelyy
2014- 4- 28, 04:15 AM
ÇáÌÒÁ ÇáËÇäí ãä ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ (ÇáãÑÌÚ Reference
ÊÚÇÑíÝ
Reference deals with the relationship between the language and the world
Reference is a relationship between parts of a language (words and phrases) and things outside the language (in the world).
ÇáãÑÌÚ áÉ ÞÓãííä (ÇæáÇ) ÇáÊÚÈíÑ ÇáãÑÌÚí ÇáãÑÌÚ ÇáÊÚÈíÑí ( ËÇäíÇ )ÇáãÑÌÚ äÝÓÉ Çáí åæ ÇáÔí Çæ ÇáÔÎÕ Çáí ÊÑÌÚ áÉ ÇáßáãÉ
A referring expression is any expression used in an utterance to refer to something or someone.
A referent is the person or thing in the world speakers refer to by using a referring expression.
The relation between a referring expression and a referent is what we call reference
ãËÇá
“this book
åäÇ íÞæá åÐÇ ÇáßÊÇÈ ÈÓ ãÇÏÏ ßÊÇÈ ÇíÔ íÚäí äÞæá áÉ (ãÑÇÌÚ ãÎÊáÝÉ )
different referent))
åäÇ ßáãÉ ÇáÑíÇÖ æßáãÉ ÚÇÕãÉ ÇáããáßÉ ßáåÇ áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáãÚäì ÈÓ ÇÎÊáÝ ÇáÊÚÈíÑ ÇÐÇ äÞæá ÚäåÇ (äÝÓ ÇáãÑÌÚ)
“Riyadh” and “the capital of Saudi Arabia
same referent )
ãáÇÍÙÉ ßá ÊÚÈíÑ ãÚäì áÉ ãÚäì ÈÓ ãÇßá ãÚäÇ áÉ ãÑÌÚ ãËÇá
. Every meaningful expression has sense, but not every meaningful expression has reference.
e.g. The words “almost”, “if” and “probable” have sense, but they do not refer to a thing in the world
ÇíÔ ãÚäÇ åÐÇ ÇáÔí Çä ßáãÉ (almost”, “if” and “probable) áåÇ ãÚäì ÈÓ ãÇáåÇ ãÑÌÚ ãÇÊÑÌÚ áÔí Çæ ÔÎÕ ãÚíä Ýí ÇáÚÇáã
ÇäÊåÊ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ
Lovelyy
2014- 4- 28, 05:49 AM
ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáËÇáËÉ ÇáÚáÇÞÇÊ ÇáÊÈÇÏáíÉ æÇáÊÊÇÈÚíÉ
Paradigmatic relations are those into which a linguistic unit enters through being
contrasted or substitutable, in a particular environment, with other similar units. (vertical relation) ÇáÚáÇÞÉ ÇáÇÓÊÈÏÇáíÉ
Syntagmatic relations are those into which a linguistic unit enters by its co-occurrence with other units. (horizontal relation ÇáÚáÇÞÉ ÇáÊÊÇÈÚíÉ
Semantic Fields ÇáÍÞæá ÇáÏáÇáíÉ æåí ÇßËÑ ãä æÇÍÏ
ÇæáÇ ÊÚÑíÝ A semantic field contains a group of words which are related in their meaning
åäÇ ãËÇáíä ÊæÖÍ Çä ÇáÍÞæá ÇáÏáÇáíÉ åí ÚáÇÞÉ ÊÈÇÏáíÉ ãËá ÇíÇã ÇáÇÓÈæÚ ããßä äÈÏáåÇ ÈßáãÉ ÇíÇã ÇáÇÓÈæÚ æÇáãËÇá ÇáËÇäí ÚäÏäÇ ßáãÉ ÍæÊ ããßä äÈÏáåÇ ÈãÎáæÞ Íí Çæ ÍíæÇä ÈÍÑí ÇæÍíæÇä
“Saturday”, “Sunday”, “Monday
“whale” can be a member of the following semantic fields: “living creatures”, “animals” and “sea animals
ÊÞÓíãÇÊ ÍÞá ÇáÏáÇáÉ
dividing up a semantic field.
Êßæä ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÝÞÉ It was on Saturday that she went there ãËÇá
Incompatible))
åäÇ ÞÇá ÇáÓÈÊ ãÇÞÇá Ãí íæã ÇÎÑ ãä ÇáÇÓÈæÚ ÞÇá ÇáÓÈÊ ÈÓ ããßä íßæä ÑÇÍÊ ÇíÖÇ Ýí íæã ÇáÇËäíä ÈÓ ãä ÇáÔåÑ ÇÎÑ ãÇåæ ãä äÝÓ ÇáÇÓÈæÚ ÇÐÇ åäÇ ÊÚÇÑÖ Èíä ÇáÓÈÊ æÇáÇËäíä “Saturday” and “Monday” are incompatible
æÇããßä Êßæä ãÎáØÉ mixtures).)
ãËÇá “ red-green”, “orange-red”.. etc. Êßæä ÇÍãÑ ÈÎÖÑ Çæ ÈÑÊÞÇáí ÇÍãÑ íÚäí ãÎáæØÉ
(Ç clear)Çæ æÇÖÍ
ãËÇá “rabbit” and “tiger” is very clear ÇáÝÑÞ Èíä ÇáÇÑäÈ æÇáäãÑ æÇÖÍ
'order)) ÈÚÖ ÇáãÌãæÚÇÊ Êßæä ãäÙãÉ ãËá ÇáÇÔåÑ æÇáÇíÇã Êßæä ÇáÚáÇÞÉ ãäÙãÉ ÇæãÊÊÇÈÚÉ ãÇäÞÏÑ äÞÏã ÔåÑ Úä ÇáÇÎÑ æÇáÇíÇã äÝÓ ÇáÔí
æÈÚÏ ÇáÊäÙíã äÝÓÉ íßæä ãÎÊáÝ ÚäÏäÇ (“natural order) ÊäÙíã æÊäÙíã ØÈíÚí ãËÇá áãÇ äÞæá inch, foot and yard ÇáäÙÇã åäÇ ãä ÇáÇÕÛÑ ááÇßÈÑ ãËá ÈæÕÉ æÞÏã æãÓÇÍÉ ÇíÖÇ äÝÓ ÇáÔí Ýí ÇáÇÑÞÇã ãËá one, two, three, etc
ÇäÊåÊ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáËÇáËÉ
ÏãæÚ ãÈÍæÍÉ
2014- 4- 28, 06:08 AM
ãÇÔÇÁ Çááå Úáíß ÕÑÇÍÉ ÔÑÍ ããÊÚ æÌãíá æãÇåí ÛÑíÈÉ Úáíß ãæÇÖíÚß æãÔÇÑßÊß ÏÇÆãÇ ãÊãíÒÉ ãä ÇáÇÊÑÇã ÇáÓÇÈÞÉ
ÑíÍÇäÉ äÌÏ
2014- 4- 28, 06:43 AM
ÇáÍãÏ ááå ßäÊ ÇÊãäì ÊÌãÚ ááãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáãÇÏå ãÚÇßã Çááå íæÝÞäÇ æí ÌÒÇß ÎíÑ loviy ÏÇÆã äÓÊÝíÏ ãäß
ÖÜÜÇãíÉ ÍÜÜäíä
2014- 4- 28, 06:44 AM
ãÇÔÇÁ Çááå Úáíß ãÇÞÕÑÊí ÈÕÑÇÍå
ßãáí ãÊÇÈÚÊß
ÇÎáÕ ãÑÇÌÚå ÇáãæÇÏ áÇä åÇáãÇÏå åÐí ãÎáíÊåÇ ÇÎÑ Ôí ÞÈá ÇáÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÈÇÑÈÚÉ ÇíÇã
ÍíÇÊí ÇãæÇÌ
2014- 4- 28, 06:53 AM
ãÇÔÇÁÇááå ....Ìãíá ÝÊÍ澂 ÊÌãÚ Çááå íæÝÞäÇ Çä ÔÇÁÇááå
ÈÅÐä Çááå Úáì ÇáÓÈÊ ÇäÇ ÈÌí åäÇ æÈÈÏà ÝíåÇ
ãÔßæÑÉ áæÝáí
ÑíÍÇäÉ äÌÏ
2014- 4- 28, 06:59 AM
ÓãÚÊ Çä ÇáÏß澄 íÚÔÞ ÇáÊÚÇÑíÝ http://www.ckfu.org/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=184685&d=1396469246
ÑíÍÇäÉ äÌÏ
2014- 4- 28, 07:01 AM
ÈÓ ÇäÊÈåæÇ æÇäÊã ÊÐÇßÑæäåÇ Ýíå ÊÚÇÑíÝ ãä ÇáãÍÇÖÑÇÊ Çááí ãÄ ãÚäÇ
-ßÈÑíÇÁ-
2014- 4- 28, 07:57 AM
Íáæ ÔÑÍß ... íÌÒÇß ÇáÎíÑ íÇÑÈ ..
Lovelyy
2014- 4- 28, 08:28 AM
äÓíã , ÏãæÚ ãÈÍæÍÉ ,ÖÇãíÉ Íäíä ,ÍíÇÊí ÇãæÇÌ ,ßÈÑíÇÁ
ÔßÑÇÇÇ áßã ÇÓÚÏäí ãÑæÑßã Çááå íæÝÞäÇ æíÓåá ÚáíäÇ ÌãÚÇ æÝÇáäÇ a+
æÇáÊÚÇÑíÝ ÝÚáÇ ãåãÉ ÌÏÇ äÕ ÇáÇÓÆáÉ Çáí íÌíÈåÇ ÇáÏß澄 ÊÚÇÑíÝ ÈÓ ÇáÍáæ ÇäåÇ äÕÇ ãä ÇáãÍÊæì ãÇíÛíÑ
Lovelyy
2014- 4- 28, 08:30 AM
ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÑÇÈÚÉ
(Collocation) ÇáãÊáÇÒãÇÊ ÇááÝÙíÉ
ÇæáÇ ÊÚÑíÝ ÇáãÊáÇÒãÇÊ ÇááÝÙíÉ Collocation can be seen as part of the meaning of a word. By looking at the linguistic context of words, we can often distinguish between different meanings
ÈÕÝÉ ÚÇãÉ ÇáãÊáÇÒãÇÊ ÇááÝÙíÉ ßáãÉ ÊÑÊÈØ ÈßáãÉ ÇÎÑí æíÎÊáÝ ãÚäÇåÇ ãËáÇ ßáãÉ “chair ãÚÑæÝ ÇäÉ ßÑÓí ÈÓ áãÇ äÍØÉ Ýí ÌãáÉ íÎÊáÝ ãÚäÇå ãËá condemned to the chair ÕÇÑ ÇáãÚäì ãÑÊÈØ ÈÇáÌãáÉ ÇÕÈÍÊ (ÇÏÇä Çáì ÇáÑÆÇÓÉ )
Types of Collocational Restrictions ÇäæÇÚ ÞíæÏ ÇáÇÞÊÑÇä Çæ ÇáãÊáÇÒãÇÊ
Çáthe meaning)) äæÚ ÇáÇæáì ÇáÇÞÊÑÇä ÈÇáãÚäì ãËÇá áãÇ äÞæá( “green cow) åäÇ ãä ÇáÛíÑ ØÈíÚí Çæ ÇáÛíÑ ãÍÊãá äáÞì ÇÞÊÑÇä ßÐÇ ÇÞÊÑÇä Ýí ãÚäì ÈÞÑÉ ÎÖÑÇÁ ãÇäÝåã ÇáãÚäì Çæ ãÚäÇåÇ ÛíÑ ãÍÊãá
ÇáäæÚ ÇáËÇäí (range) ÇáãÌá Çæ ÇáäØÇÞ ãËÇá The rhododendron died,” but not “The rhododendron passed away ãËáÇ¡ ÞÏ äÞæá "ÑæÏæÏäÏÑæä ãÇÊ¡" æáßä áíÓ "æÑæÏæÏäÏÑæä æÇÝÊå ÇáãäíÉ
åÐÇ ÇáÇÞÊÑÇä ÛíÑ ãÍÊãá Çæ ÛíÑ ØÈíÚí Ýí ÊÑßíÈ ÇáÌãáÉ ãÇÊÌí passed away áÇßä ÈÏíåí ÈÊäÝåã ÇáÌãáÉ íÚäí ÈíäÚÑÝ ãÚäÇåÇ ÇÐÇ åäÇ ÇáÇÞÊÑÇä ÇáÛíÑ ØÈíÚí Çæ ÛíÑ ãÍÊãá ÇáäØÇÞ Çæ ÇáãÌÇá
ÇáäæÚ ÇáËÇáË (neither meaning nor range) áíÓ Ýí ÇáãÚäì æáÇ ÇáäØÇÞ ãËÇá a blond door” Çæ blond dress åäÇ ãÇíäÝÚ äÞæá ÇáÈÇÈ ÇÔÞÑ Çæ ÇáÝÓÊÇä ÇÔÞÑ ãÇÊÌí äÞæá ÔÚÑ ÇÔÞÑ ÕÍíÍ ÇãÇ ÝÓÊÇä æÈÇÈ ÛíÑ ãÍÊãáÉ
ÇÐÇ ÇáãÊáÇÒãÇÊ ÇááÝÙíÉ ÊÚØì ãÚäì ãÇíãßä Çä ÍäÇ äÊæÞÚÉ Çæ äÊäÈÆ ÈÉ áäÝÓ ãÚäì ÇáßáãÉ áæÍÏåÇ
ÇäÊåÊ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ
ÖÌíÌ ÇáÍáã
2014- 4- 28, 09:16 AM
:d5:
ÑÇÇÇÇÇÇÆÚ ÇäÇ ãä Çæá ÇäÇ ÇÔæÝ ÇäåÇ ØáÇÓã :verycute:
æÇäÊ ÝßíÊíåÇ :16.jpg:
Çááå íÝÊÍ Úáíß .. :love080:
ÈÇäÊÙÇÑß ..:rose:
✿Mâћa✿
2014- 4- 28, 09:30 AM
ÈÇáÊæÝíÞ æ ÔßÑÇð Úáì ãáÇÍÙÇÊß ,,,
ÖÌíÌ ÇáÍáã
2014- 4- 28, 02:51 PM
ÇáÓÇÏÓå ÚÌÒÊ ÇÝåã ÂÎÑåÇ :(
Lovelyy
2014- 4- 28, 05:10 PM
ÖÌíÌ ÇáÍáã 'maha ãÔßæÑíä Çááå íæÝÞäÇ ÌãíÚÇ ÈÇáäÓÈÉ ááãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÓÇÏÓÉ ÈÔÑÍåÇ ßÇãáÉ æÇáÎÇãÓÉ ÈÚÏ ÇäÊÙÑæäí
ÖÌíÌ ÇáÍáã
2014- 4- 28, 07:25 PM
ÈÇäÊÙÇÑß
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:004:
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ÑÇíÍ ÈÎÑÇíØåÇ
2014- 4- 28, 07:55 PM
ÇáÓÇÏÓå ÚÌÒÊ ÇÝåã ÂÎÑåÇ :(
Çí ÌÒÆíÉ Ýí ÇáÓÇÏÓÉ ¿
Çááí ãÇÝåãÊå
Lovelyy
2014- 4- 28, 07:58 PM
ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÎÇãÓÉ
ÇáÌÒÁ ÇáÇæá Synonymy ÇáÊÑÇÏÝ Çæ ÇáÊÔÇÈÉ
ÊÚÑíÝ ÇáÊÑÇÏÝ
Synonymy is the relationship between two lexical units (words) that have the same sense. Words that have the same sense are called synonyms
ÇáÊÑÇÏÝ åæ ßáãÊíä áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáãÚäì ãËá (buy – purchase) ßáåÇ áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáãÚäì (ÔÑÇÁ )
ÇíÖÇ (wide –broad) ßáåÇ áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáãÚäì (æÇÓÚ)
ÇäæÇÚ ÇáãÊÑÇÏÝÇÊ
ÇáäæÚ ÇáÇæá Ýí åÐÇ ÇáãËÇá (“fall-“autumn) ßáåÇ ãÚäÇåÇ ÝÕá ÇáÎÑíÝ ÈÓ ÇÎÊáÝÊ åäÇ áÇä ÈÚÖ ÇááåÌÇÊ ãÎÊáÝÉ íÚäì Çåá ãäØÞÉ ãÚíäÉ íÓãæäÉ fall, æãäØÞÉ ÇÎÑì íÓãæäÉ autumn æßáåÇ äÝÓ ÇáãÚäì ÇÐÇ ÇáäæÚ ÇáÇæá (different dialects) áåÌÇÊ ãÎÊáÝÉ _________ãËáÇ ÚäÏäÇ ÈãäÇØÞ ÇáããáßÉ ßá ãäØÞÉ áåÇ áåÌÉ ãÎÊáÝÉ æßáåÇ áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáãÚäì
ÇáäæÚ ÇáËÇäí ãËÇá (gentleman”, “man” and “chap) åäÇ ßáåÇ ãÚäÇåÇ ÑÌá åÐÇ ÇáäæÚ äÓãíÉ (different styles) ÇÔßÇá ãÎÊáÝÉ ÇÓÊÇíá ãÎÊáÝ áäÝÓ ÇáßáãÉ ÈÓ äÏáÚ ÇáßáãÉ Ôæí
ÇáäæÚ ÇáËÇáË ãËÇá (“politician” and “statesman)åäÇ ßáåÇ áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáãÚäì (ÓíÇÓí) ÇíÖÇ ãËÇá ÇÎÑ (“liberty” and “freedom) ßáåÇ ãÚäÇåÇ (ÍÑíÉ ) æÝíÉ ÇãËáÉ ÇÎÑì åÐÇ ÇáäæÚ äÓãíÉ differ only in their) emotive or - evaluative meanings) ÇÎÊáÇÝ ÇáãÚäì ÇäÝÚÇáíÇ Çæ ÊÞÏíÑí íÚäì Úáì ÍÓÈ ÇáæÖÚ ÇÐÇ ßäÇ äÞÏÑ ÔÎÕ Çæ äÍÊÑãÉ äÞæá ÇáßáãÉ ÈÔßá ÇÎÑ ÇßËÑ ÑÓãíÉ æÇÍÊÑÇã ÇæáãÇ äßæä ãäÝÚáíä ÓæÇÁ ãÈÓæØíä ÇæÛíÑÉ ÝíÎÊáÝ Ôßá ÇáßáãÉ Úáì ÍÓÈ ÇáæÖÚ
ÇáäæÚ ÇáÑÇÈÚ ãËÇá (“rancid” occurs with “bacon” or “butter æaddled” with “eggs” orbrain “brain) ÚäÏäÇ ßáãÉ “rancid –addled ßáåÇ ãÚäÇåÇ ÝÇÓÏ ÇæäÊä ÈÓ ÇáÇæáì äÞæáåÇ ãÚ ÇáÒÈÏÉ æáÍã ÇáÎäÒíÑ ãÇäÞÏÑ äÞæáåÇ ãÚ ÇáÈíÖ Çæ ÇáÚÞá ãÚ ÇäåÇ ÊÚØì ßáåÇ ÝÇÓÏ ÈÓ ßá ßáãÉ ÊáÊÒã ÇæÊÓÊÎÏã ãÚ ßáãÇÊ ãÚíäÉ íÓãì åÐÇ ÇáäæÚ (collocationally restricted) ãÊáÇÒãÇÊ áÝÙíÉ ãÞíÏÉ
ÇáäæÚ ÇáÎÇãÓ ãËÇá (“mature=“adult”, “ripe” or) (“govern=“direct”, “control” or “determine) ÇáãËÇá ÇáÇæá ßáãÉ( (“mature äÇÖÌ æäÞÏÑ äÞæáåÇ ÈÔßá ÇæÓÚ ããßä äÞæá ÈÇáÛ ÇæßÇãá ÇæÈÇáÛ ÍÏ ÇáßãÇá ÊæÓÚäÇ Ôæí Ýí ãÚäì ÇáßáãÉ ÈÓ Ýí ÇáÇÎíÑ åí ÊÚØí äÝÓ ÇáãÚäì ÇáÇæá ÇíÖÇ ÇáãËÇá ÇáËÇäí ßáãÉ
åäÇ íÍßã æããßä äÞæá íæÌÉ íÓíØÑ ÞÑÑ íÞÑÑ (“govern)
ÇÊãäì íßæä æÇÖÍ ÇáÔÑÍ
ÇáÌÒÁ ÇáÇæá ÇäÊåì
Lovelyy
2014- 4- 28, 08:25 PM
ÇáÌÒÁ ÇáËÇäì ãä ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÎÇãÓÉ
Antonymy ÇáÊÖÇÏ ÇáßáãÉ æÚßÓåÇ
ÊÚÑíÝ ÇáÊÖÇÏ
Antonymy is the relationship between two lexical units (words) that have the opposite sense. Words that are opposite are called antonyms
Types of Antonymy ÇäæÇÚ ÇáÊÖÇÏ
1) Binary antonymy
(dead/ alive)
married/ unmarried) ) åÐÇ ÇáäæÚ ÇáÇæá ãä ÇáÊÖÇÏ åæ ÊÖÇÏ ÍÇÏ Çæ ÈÍÊ ãËÇá ÚäÏäÇ ßáãÉ
ÚäÏäÇ ßáãÉ ãÊÒæÌ æÛíÑ ãÊÒÌ ãÇÈíäåÇ ÊÝÇæÊ íÚäì ãÇäÞÏÑ äÞæá ãÊÒæÌ Ôæí ÇæÇßËÑ ÊÒæÌ íÚäì ÇãÇ ãÊÒæÌ ÇæáÇ ÇíÖÇ ßáãÉ ãíÊ æÍí ÇãÇ íßæä ãíÊ ÇæÍí ãÇíÌí ãíÊ Ôæí ÇæäÕ Íí
2) Converses ÇáäæÚ ÇáËÇäì åæ ÚáÇÞÉ ÊÖÇÏíÉ íÚäì ßáãÊíä ÚßÓíÉ ÈÓ áÇÒã Êßæä ãÚ ÈÚÖ ãËÇá John bought a car from Fred. Fred sold a car to John
ÔÑÇÁ æÈíÚ áÇÒã ÊÌì ãÚ ÈÚÖ íÚäì ãÇÑÍ ÊÔÊÑì Ôí ÇáÇ æÇÍÏ ÈÇíÚÉ áß ãËá Ìæä ÔÑÇ ÓíÇÑÉ ãä ÝÑíÏ æÝÑíÏ ÈÇÚ ÇáÓíÇÑÉ áÌæä
3) Gradable antonyms åÐÇ ÇáäæÚ ÊÖÇÏ ãÊÝÇæÊ íäÚí ÝíÉ ÏÑÌÇÊ ãËÇá “hot” and “cold” we have “warm”, “cool åäÇ ÈÇÑÏ æÍÇÑ íÌí ÈíäåÇ ÊÝÇæÊ ããßä äÞæá ÏÇÝí æÈÇÑÏ ÇæÍÇÑ ÌÏÇ ÍÇÑ Ôæí ÈÇÑÏ ÌÏÇ ÈÇÑÏ Ôæí íÚäí ÝíÉ ÊÏÑíÌ
ÇäÊåÊ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÎÇãÓÉ
Lovelyy
2014- 4- 28, 09:56 PM
ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÓÇÏÓÉ
ÇáÌÒÁ ÇáÇæá
Hyponymy ßáãÉ ãäÏÑÌÉ
ÊÚÑíÝ Hyponymy is a sense relation between words in which the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of the other word
ÇáßáãÉ ÇáãäÏÑÌÉ Çæ ÇáãÔÊãáÉ íÚäì ÊäÏÑÌ ãä ÊÕäíÝ ãÚíä
ãËÇá ßáãÉ "tulip" and "rose ßáãÉ ÒåÑ ÇáÎÒÇãí æÇáæÑÏ ßáåÇ ßáãÇÊ ãäÏÑÌÉ ãä ("flower) ÒåæÑ
ÇíÖÇ ãËÇá ÇÎÑ ßáãÉ "lion" and "cow ßáãÉ ÇÓÏ æÈÞÑÉ åí ßáãÉ ãäÏÑÌÉ ãä ("animal" or mammal) ÍíæäÇÊ Çæ ËÏíÇÊ
ãáÇÍÙÉ ÚäÏäÇ ßáãÊíä áÇÒã äÝÑÞ ÈíäåÇ Çáí åí
hyponymy =ÇáßáãÉ ÇáãäÏÑÌÉ Çæ ÇáãÔÊãáÉ Çáí åí ÇáÇÓÏ æÇáÈÞÑÉ ÒåÑÉ ÇáÎÒÇãí æÇáæÑÏ
superordinate=ÇáÊÕäíÝ ÍÞ ÇáßáãÉ ÇáãäÏÑÌÉ Çáí åæ ßáãÉ ÒåæÑ æßáãÉ ÍíæäÇÊ ÇæËÏíÇÊ
ÚäÏäÇ ãÕØáÍ Çáí åæ ("symmetrical hyponymy) ÇáßáãÉ ÇáãäÏÑÌÉ ÇáãÊãÇËáÉ Çæ ãÊÑÇÏÝÉ íÚäí ããßä Çä Çá hyponymy ÇáßáãÉ ÇáãäÏÑÌÉ Êßæä ãÊÑÇÏÝÉ synonymy ßáãÊíä áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáãÚäì æÊäÏÑÌ ãä äÝÓ ÇáßáãÉ
ÇáÌÒÁ ÇáËÇäí
Polysemy ãÊÚÏÏ ÇáãÚÇäí
ÊÚÑíÝ
Polysemy is a sense relation in which the same word has several very closely related meanings (senses).
ãÊÚÏÏ ÇáãÚÇäì Çáí åæ ß
äÝÓ ÇáßáãÉ ÈÓ áåÇ ãÚäííä ãÎÊáÝÉ ãËÇá( "Earth/earth" (our planet vs. soil) ÇáÇÑÖ åäÇ áåÇ ãÚäííä ÇãÇ äÞÕÏ ÈÉ ßæßÈ ÇáÇÑÖ Çæ äÞÕÏ ÇáÊÑÈÉ äÝÓåÇ
ÇáÌÒÁ ÇáËÇáË
Homonymy ÇáãÔÊÑß ÇááÝÙí
ÊÚÑíÝ
Homonymy is a sense relation in which several words have the same shape, but different meanings that are far apart from each other
ÇáãÔÊÑß ÇááÝÙí åæ ÇáßáãÊíä Çááí áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáßÊÇÈÉ ÈÓ ÊÎÊáÝ ãÚÇäíåÇ ãËÇá ÞÏ \ßÑäÇå Ýí ãÍÇÖÑÉ ÓÇÈÞÉ ßáãÉ ("Bank" ( financial institution vs. the side of a river
ããßä äÞæá Èäß ááÈäß Çæ Èäß áÖÝÉ ÇáäåÑ åäÇ ÇÎÊáÝ ÇáãÚäì ÈÓ ÇíÔ ÇáÝÑÞ ÈíäåÇ æÈíä ÇáãËÇá Çáí ÝæÞ Çáí Úä ÇáÇÑÖ Çä ÇáãËÇá Çáí ÝæÞ ÇÎÊáÝ ÊÚÈíÑåÇ ÈÓ ßáåÇ ÊÎÕ ÇáÇÑÖ ÇãÇåäÇ ÇÎÊáÝ ÇáÈäß ÇÎÊáÇÝ ßáí æÕÇÑáå ãÚäì ãÎÊáÝ ßá ÇáÇÎÊáÇÝ Úä ÇáßáãÉ ÇáÇÎÑì
ãáÇÍÙÉ áÇÒã äÝÑÞ Èíä åÐíä ÇáãÕØáÍíä
homography ( words spelled the same
"Lead" ( metal ) and "lead" ( dog's lead
ÚäÏäÇ åäÇ ÇáßáãÉ áíÏ áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáÇÓÈáäÞ ÈÓ íÎÊáÝ ãÚäÇåÇ Ýí ÇáÇæá íÌí ãÚäÇåÇ ãÚÇÏä æÝí ÇáËÇäì íÌí ãÞæÏ ÇáßáÈ
homophony ( words pronounced the same
"site" and "sight
åäÇ äáÇÍÙ ÇáßáãÉ áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáäØÞ ÓÇíÊ ÈÓ ãÚäÇåÇ íÎÊáÝ ÇáÇæá ãÚäÇåÇ ãæÞÚ æÇáËÇäí ãÚäÇåÇ äÙÑ
ÇäÊåÊ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÓÇÏÓÉ
sonrisa
2014- 4- 29, 01:05 AM
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Lovelyy
2014- 4- 29, 01:26 AM
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2014- 4- 29, 03:49 PM
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2014- 4- 29, 03:53 PM
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2014- 4- 29, 03:59 PM
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2014- 4- 29, 06:12 PM
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2014- 4- 29, 07:50 PM
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2014- 4- 29, 08:44 PM
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2014- 4- 30, 01:58 AM
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2014- 4- 30, 02:07 AM
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2014- 4- 30, 05:04 AM
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2014- 4- 30, 07:56 AM
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2014- 4- 30, 08:36 PM
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2014- 5- 1, 12:20 AM
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2014- 5- 1, 03:33 AM
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2014- 5- 1, 03:34 AM
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2014- 5- 1, 03:52 AM
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2014- 5- 1, 08:10 PM
ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÍÇÏíÉ ÚÔÑ
ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ åÐí äÙÑíÉ ßáåÇ ÊÚÇÑíÝ
Speech act theory is a theory of language based on a book called “How to Do Things with Words
äÙÑíÉ ÝÚá ÇáßáÇã åí äÙÑíÉ ááÛÉ ÊÓÊäÏ Úáì ßÊÇÈ ÇÓãÉ (“How to Do Things with Words)
ãÄáÝ ÇáßÊÇÈ åæ ÇáÝíáÓæÝ Ìæä ÇßÓÝæÑÏ ÇæÓÊä (by the Oxford philosopher John L. Austin)
æäÙÑíÉ åÐÇ ÇáßÊÇÈ ÊÞæá Çä ÇááÛÉ ÈÞÏÑ ãÇåí äãæÐÌ ÇæÇÐÇÁ Úãá åí ÇíÖÇ ØÑíÞÉ áäÞá ÇáãÚáæãÇÊ
(. The theory states that language is as much a mode of action as it is a way of conveying information.)
ÇæÓÊä ÞÓã ÇáäÙÑíÉ ÇáäÙÑíÉ áËáÇË ÇÞÓÇã
locutionary act we are simply ‘saying something’ that has meaning. In other words, a locutionary act produces an understandable utterance
ÝÚá áÝÙí ÇæÞæáí Çä ÈÈÓÇØÉ äÞæá ßáÇã áÉ ãÚäì ãÝåæã Çæ ßáÇã íäÊÌ Ôí ÇÉ ãÚäì ãËá áãÇ ÇÍÏ íÓÇáäÇ æÇÍäÇ äÑÏ ÚáíÉ ÈÇÌÇÈÉ ãäØÞíÉ ãÝåæãÉ
illocutionary act[/COLOR] is that it reflects the intention of the speaker in making the utterance in the first place.
ÝÚá ÇáãÛÒì åæ Þæá íÚßÓ äíÉ ÇáãÊßáã íÚäì ÇíÔ íÞÕÏ ãä ßáÇãÉ ãËáÇ ÇäÉ íÔßÑ ÔÎÕ Çæ íæÚÏÉ ÈÔí ÇæíÚÊÐÑ
[COLOR="red"]perlocutionary act (or just simply the perlocution) carried out by a speaker making an utterance is the act of causing a certain effect on the hearer and others through that utterance (in Latin “per” means: “through”).
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ÇäÊåÊ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ
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Hyponyny
polysemy
Lovelyy
2014- 5- 1, 09:09 PM
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hyponyny
polysemy
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2014- 5- 2, 03:52 AM
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2014- 5- 2, 10:21 AM
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2014- 5- 2, 03:37 PM
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2014- 5- 2, 03:54 PM
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2014- 5- 2, 04:08 PM
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2014- 5- 2, 06:13 PM
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2014- 5- 2, 06:16 PM
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2014- 5- 3, 06:43 AM
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2014- 5- 3, 03:22 PM
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2014- 5- 3, 03:23 PM
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2014- 5- 3, 10:07 PM
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GOYOOM
2014- 5- 4, 11:53 AM
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Lovelyy
2014- 5- 4, 08:18 PM
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2014- 5- 4, 08:19 PM
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2014- 5- 4, 09:25 PM
:sm5:ÃäÇ ÃÍÓ Çäí ÃÞÑà ÇáãäåÌ :verycute:
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2014- 5- 4, 09:31 PM
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2014- 5- 5, 08:37 AM
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2014- 5- 6, 03:41 AM
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2014- 5- 6, 03:48 AM
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2014- 5- 6, 07:31 AM
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Lovelyy
2014- 5- 6, 08:33 AM
ÇáÕÑÇÍÉ ãÇÚäÏí æÞÊ ÞÇÚÏÉ ÇÐÇßÑ ÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÈÓ áÚíæäß Èßãá ÇáÔÑÍ
ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÓÇÈÚÉ
Componential Analysis ÊÍáíá ÇáãßæäÇÊ ÇæÊÝßíß
ÊÚÑíÝ In componential analysis, the total meaning of a word is being analyzed into a number of distinct components of meaning ( semantic features
In the light of relationship such as these we can abstract components ( male ) and ( female ), ( adult ) and (non-adult), plus ( human ) ), "child" is (human), ( non-adult )
åäÇ ÑÍ ÇäÝßßß ÇæäÍáá ßáãÉ ÐßÑ æÇäËì äÈÏÇ ÈÐßÑ äÞæá (ÇäÓÇä –ÈÇáÛ –ÈÔÑ ) ÇáÇäËì (ÇäÓÇä –ÈÇáÛ –ÇäËì )ÇíÖÇ ÇáÐßÑ æÇáÇäËì ÇÐÇ ßÇä ØÝá äÞæá ÛíÑ ÈÇáÛ ÚäÏäÇ ßáãÉ ØÝá (ÇäÓÇä –ÛíÑ ÈÇáÛ )åäÇ ÇáÈÔÑ
, ( bovine ) and ( ovine ).Thus, "ewe" is ( ovine ), ( female ), ( adult äÌí ááÍíæÇäÇÊ áãá äÝßß ßáãÉ äÚÌÉ (ÇÛäÇã –ÇäËì-ÈÇáÛ) æåßÐÇ
But the "come/go" and "bring/take åäÇ åÐì ÇáßáãÇÊ ãÇíãßä äÝßßåÇ ÇÐÇ äÞæá ÚäåÇ
not all components are related to simple physical features))
ÇíÖÇ ÊÍáíá ÇáßáãÉ íÌí ÈÑãæÒ ãËá ÇáãæÌÈ æÇáÓÇáÈ a clear distinction ááÊãííÒ æÇÖÍ Èíä ÇáßáãÇÊ ãËáÇ
ÇáÐßÑ äÑãÒ áÉ È + æÇáÇäËì – æÇáÌãÇÏ ÓÇáÈ æãæÌÈ ãÚ ÈÚÖ åäÇ ãËÇá
Pregnant man )) ßíÝ äÝßßåÇ äÞæá (+male) and pregnant as (-male), ÞáäÇ Ýí ÇáÇæáÉ ÑÌá ÐßÑ ãæÌÈ Ýí ÇáËÇäíÉ ÞáäÇ ÐßÑ ÓÇáÈ áíÔ áÇä ßáãÉ (ÇáÍãá )Ýí ÇáãËÇá ÊÑÌÚ ááÇäËì ÇáÑÌá ãÇ íÍãá ÝÍØíäÇ ÓÇáÈ áÇäåÇ ÕÝÉ ÊÑÌÚ ááÇäËì
Componential analysis can handle all the sense relations we have discussed, but it handles some sense relations better than others like( hyponyms and conversess
ÇÎÑ Ôí äÞæá ÊÍáíá ÇáãßæäÇÊ íÊÚÇãá ãÚ ÌãíÚ ÇáÚáÇÞÇÊ ãäåÇ ÇáÔãæá æÇáÊÖÇÏ
ÇáÊÖÇÏ ãËá ÇáæÇáÏíä æÇáØÝá ßáãÊíä ãÊÖÇÏÉ ÈÓ äÍááåÇ ÇíÖÇ ÇáÔãæá ãËá ÇáÐßÑ æÇáÇäËì ßáåã íÑÌÚæä áßáãÉ ßÇÆä Íí ÇæÍí æßæä ÊÍáíåÇ (+animate, +male/-male)
ÇäÊåÊ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ
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2014- 5- 6, 09:18 AM
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Lovelyy
2014- 5- 6, 10:05 AM
ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÚÇÔÑÉ
ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ßáåÇ ÊÚÇÑíÝ
Sentences & Utterances ÇáÌãáÉ æÇáÚÈÇÑÉ ÇáßáÇãíÉ Çæ Çáã䨿ÞÉ
ÊÚÑíÝ
An utterance is any stretch of talk, by one person, before and after which there is silence on the part of that person
An utterance is the use of a piece of language ( one or more word / phrase / sentence ) by a particular speaker on a particular occasion
ÊÚÑíÝ
A sentence is neither a physical event nor a physical object. It is an abstract string of words put together by the grammatical rules of a language.
o A sentence, then, exists abstractly in the mind of language speakers before they say it or write it.
o A sentence can be thought of as the ideal string of words behind various realizations in utterances and inscriptions
ßíÞ äÚÑÝ äÝÑÞ Èíä ÇáÌãáÉ æÇáÚÈÇÑÉ ÇáßáÇãíÉ
ãËÇá( "There is a car coming) åäÇ ÚäÏäÇ ÌãáÉ æÍÏÉ áÇßä ÚäÏäÇ ÇíÖÇ ÚÈÇÑÊíä ßáÇãíÊíä ßíÝ áæ äÑßÒ Ôæí Ýí ÇáÌãáÉ ÚÈÇÑÉ Çä åäÇß ÓíÇÑÉ ÚÈÇÑÉ ÇÎÑì ÇáÓíÇÑÉ ÞÇÏãÉ ÇÐÇ äÓÊäÊÌ Çä ÇáÌãáÉ ÊßÊÈ æÇÍÏÉ æÇáÚÈÇÑÉ ÇËäÊíä äÞæá
we have one sentence, but you made two different utterances))
ÊÚÑíÝ ÇáÊÞÑíÑ ßáÇãí
A constatives utterance is an utterance with which the speaker describes something which may be true or false
ãËÇá ÚáíÉ
I'm trying to get this box open with a screwdriver) ) ÇäÇ ÇÍÇæá ÇÝÊÍ ÇáÕäÏæÞ ÈÇáãÝß åäÇ ÇáãäØæÞ Çæ ÇáßáÇã íßæä ÕÍ ÇæÎØÇÁ íÚäí ããßä Çä ÝÊÍÉ ÈÇáãÝß ÕÍ æããßä ÛáØ
ÊÚÑíÝ ßáÇã ÇÏÇÆí Çæ ãäØæÞ ÇÏÇÆí
Performatives utterance is an utterance that does not report or "constate" anything and is not "true or false".
ãËÇá ÚáíÉ (I name this ship Discovery)åäÇ ãÇÝíÉ äÞÇÔ áßáÇã íÚäì ãÇÚØÇäÇ ÈíÇäÇÊ Úä ÇäÉ ÕÍ Çæ ÎØÇÁ ÚáØæá ÚØÇäÇ ÇÓã ÇáÓÝíäÉ æÎáÇÕ
ÊÚÑíÝ ÇáÝÚá ÇáÇÏÇÆí
A Performative verb is one which, when used in a positive simple present tense sentence with a 1st person singular subject, can make the utterance of that sentence performative
ãËÇá ÚáíÉ
I thank you all for attending)) åäÇ ÇÓÊÎÏãäÇ ÝÚá Ýí ÇáßáÇã ÈÔßá ÇíÌÇÈí åäÇ ÇáÝÚá ËÇäß ÔßÑ ÇíÖÇ ããßä íÌí ÇÚÊÐÇÑ Çæ æÚÏ
Performatives can be either explicit or implicit
ÊÚÑíÝ ÇáÇÏÇÁ ÇáÕÑíÍ .
o An explicit performative contains a performative verb naming the act. E.g. I
order you to go.åäÇ Ýí ÇáãËÇá íÞæá ÈÕÑÇÍÉ ÇäÇØáÈÊ ÇæÇãÑÊß ÊÑæÍ Çæ ÊÐåÈ ÌÇÊ åäÇ ÇãÑ æ ÊÌí ÈÚÏ ßÇäÉ íÍÐÑÉ
ÊÚÑíÝ ÇáÇÏÇÁ ÇáÊÇã Çæ ÇáãÝåæã
o An implicit performative does not contain a performative verb naming the act. E.g. Go. åäÇ ÇáãËÇá íÞæá ÈÔßá ÈÓíØ ÇÐåÈ æÈÓ
Constatives Vs. Performative
a performative utterance performs some act and simultaneously describes that act. On the other hand, a constative utterance does NOT perform the act
ÇáÝÑÞ Èíä ÇáÇÏÇÆí æÇáÊÞÑíÑí Çä ÇáÇÏÇÆí íáÊÒã ÈÇáÝÚá æíÄÏíÉ æÇáÊÞÑíÑí ÚßÓ ãÇíáÊÒã
ÇäÊåÊ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ
Lovelyy
2014- 5- 6, 10:07 AM
Çááå íæÝÞß íÇáæÝáí æíÓåá Úáíß ÇÎÊÈÇÑß
ãÇÞÕÑÊí
ÔßÑÑ Çááå íæÝÞäÇ ÌãíÚ
ÖÜÜÇãíÉ ÍÜÜäíä
2014- 5- 6, 10:23 AM
æÇááå íÇáæÝáí ãÇ ÇÏÑí æÔ ÇÞæáß
Çááå íÇÑÈí íæÝÞß æíÓÚÏß
ÖÜÜÇãíÉ ÍÜÜäíä
2014- 5- 6, 10:24 AM
ÚäÏí ÑÇí áß íÇ áæÝáí
ÇÐÇ ÚäÏß Çáíæã ÇÎÊÈÇÑ Îáíß ÈÇÎÊÈÇÑß æÈÚÏ ãÇ ÊÎáÕíä ÇÑÌÚí æßãáí ÔÑÍ
áÇä ÑÇÍÌ íßæä Ýíå íæãíä ááãÐÇßÑå æÇáãÑÇÌÚå
æáÇ ÊÌåíä äÝÓß æÊÖÛØíäåÇ
ÑÈí íÓÚÏß
Lovelyy
2014- 5- 6, 11:14 AM
ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáËÇáËÉ ÚÔÑ
Co-operative Principle ÇáÊÚÇæä ÇËäÇÁ ÇáÍÏíË Çæ ãÈÏÇ ÇáÊÚÇæä ÝíÉ ÇÓÇÓíÇÊ íÌÈ ÇáÇáÊÒÇã ÈåÇ Ýí ÇáãÍÇÏËÉ æåí
In a normal conversation, a speaker tries to:
1. Give relatively specific answers to questions.
2. Give new information that the hearer doesn't already know.
3. Give information that is relevant to the topic of conversation
4. Give information in a way that is easy to understand
5. Avoid ambiguity, or potentially misleading statement
ÊÚÑíÝ
the Co-operative principle, the social rule which speakers try to follow in conversation.
The Co-operative principle can be stated simply as " be as helpful to your hearer as you can
Maxims of Grice ÇáËæÇÈÊ Çáí æÖÚÊå ÛÑÇíÓ
1. Maxims of Quality : Truthfulness – do not say what you believe to be false.
ÇáÕÏÞ íáÊÒã ÇáãÊßáã ÈÇáÕÏÞ æãÇíÞæá Ôí æåæ ÚÇÑÝ ÇäÉ ÎØÇÁ
2. Maxims of Relation : Relevance – keep to the topic of the conversation.
ÇáÕáÉ íáÊÒã ÇáãÊßáã ÈãæÖæÚ ÇáÍÏíË æáÇíÎÑÌ Úä ÇáãæÖæÚ
3. Maxims of Quantity: Informativeness – tell the hearer just what he needs to know, no more and no less.
áÇÇÞá æáÇÇßËÑ íáÊÒã ÇáãÊßáã ÈÇáÔí Çáí íÎÕ ÇáÓÄÇá ÝÞØ ÈÏæä ÒíÇÏÉ
4. Maxims of Manner : Clarity – speak in a way that the hearer will understand.
ÇáæÖæÚ ÇáÊßáã ÈØÑíÞÉ æÇÖÍå íÝåãåÇ ÇáÓÇãÚ
Ýí ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ 14 ÝíÉ ÇãËáÉ ÊÎÕ ßá äæÚ ãä åÐì ÇáËæÇÈÊ
Implicature ÇáãÝåæã Çæ ÇáÇÓÊÏáÇá ãä ÇáßáÇã
ÊÚÑíÝ
Implicature is a concept of utterance meaning ( as opposed to sentence meaning
Implicature is related to the method through which speakers understand the indirect illocutions of utterances
íÚäí äÝåã Çæ äÓÊäÊÌ ãÚäì ãä ÇáßáÇã æåæ ãÇåæ ãßÊæÈ Çæ äÝåãÉ æäÓÊäÊÌÉ ãä ßáÇã ÇáãÊßáã
ÇäÊåÊ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ
Lovelyy
2014- 5- 6, 11:17 AM
æÈßÐÇ Çßæä ÎáÕÊ ÔÑÍ ßá ÇáãÍÇÖÑÇÊ ÇáãØáæÈÉ ÇÊãäì íßæä ÇáÔÑÍ æÇÖÍ æÇáãÑÇÌÚÉ ÈÇÐä Çááå Êßæä Úáì ÇÓÆáÉ ÇáÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ ÇáãÇÖíÉ
ÇáÚÞá ÇáãÝßÑ
2014- 5- 6, 11:20 AM
ãáÎÈØ ãä æÇáì :confused::confused: Çíå ÇáÍá ÇáÓÑíÚ
sultan-
2014- 5- 6, 04:54 PM
Çááå áÇíåíäßã ÇíÔ ÇáãÍÐæÝÇÊ ÈÇáÖÈØ
ÇáÌÇÒí ..
2014- 5- 6, 07:05 PM
ÇáãÍÐæÝÇÊ 1+8+12
AlOmair Haifa
2014- 5- 6, 08:08 PM
-
Çááå íÌÒÇß ÎíÑ Úáì ÇáÔÑÍ:love080:
æßá ÔÎÕ ÓÇÚÏ æäÒá Ôí ãåã:"
ÔÓãå ÊÝÇÆáæÇ ÈÇáÎíÑ Åä ÔÇÁ Çááå íßæä Íáæ :biggrin:
æíßæä ÃÝÖá ãä ÅÎÊÈÇÑ ÇáäÍæíÉ ÇáÓãÓÊÑ ÇáÃæá ..
ÅÈÚ쾂 Úäßã ÇáßáãÇÊ ÇáÓáÈíÉ æÎáæäÇ ãÊÝÇÆáíä :(204):
Åááí ÈÇáãÑÝÞ ÅÓÊÝÏÊ ãäå¡ íãßä ÃÍÏ íÍÊÇÌå:"
ÈÇáÊæÝíÞ ÌãíÚðÇ :love080:
Lovelyy
2014- 5- 6, 08:55 PM
ÌãÚÊ áßã ßá ÇáÔÑæÍÇÊ Çáí ÔÑÍÊåÇ Ýí ÇáãæÖæÚ ÈÇáãÑÝÞÇÊ
åãáÇä ÇáÔãÇá
2014- 5- 6, 09:00 PM
ÔßÑÇ ãÇÞÕÑÊí Çááå íÌÒÇß ÎíÑ
ãáÇãÍ ÝÊÇå
2014- 5- 6, 09:28 PM
íÇáÈì ÞáÈß ÃÎÊ Lovelyy
ãÇÞÕÑÊí æíÚØíß ÇáÚÇÝíå
ÇáÏÚíÈí
2014- 5- 6, 10:22 PM
ãÇÔÇÁ Çááå ÇÈÏÇÚ íÚØíß ÇáÚÇÝíÉ Íáæ ÇáÇÎÊÕÇÑ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÇÊ ÝíåÇ ÒíÇÏÉ ãËá notes
ãíÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÓå
2014- 5- 6, 10:31 PM
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Çã ÈÓÈæÓÉ
2014- 5- 6, 10:58 PM
ÈÑÇÇÇÇÝæ Úáíß íÇ lovelyy
ÑÇÆÚÉ Çááå íÌÒÇß ÚäÇ ßá ÎíÑ :d5:
Çã ÈÓÈæÓÉ
2014- 5- 6, 11:05 PM
:d5:ÈÑÇÇÇÇÝæ Úáíß íÇ lovelyy
ÑÇÆÚÉ Çááå íÌÒÇß ÚäÇ ßá ÎíÑ
ãáÇãÍ ÝÊÇå
2014- 5- 6, 11:16 PM
íÇáÈì ÞáÈß ÃÎÊ Lovelyy
ãÇÞÕÑÊí æíÚØíß ÇáÚÇÝíå
ÍíÇÊí ÇãæÇÌ
2014- 5- 6, 11:17 PM
ÕÇÑ áí ÓÇÚÉ Ã쾄 åÇáãæÖæÚ
æÂÎÑ ÔíÁ ÔÝÊå
åÐÇ ãä ÒæÏ ÇáÏÝÇÑå åååååå
ãíÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÓå
2014- 5- 6, 11:30 PM
) the word "Saturday," "Sunday" and "Monday " in English
a. are part of the same semantic fieldhttp://www.ckfu.org/vb/dzquiz/true.png b. are not part of the same semantic field c. are not part of any semantic field d. are part of all semantic fields
ãíä íÔÑÍ áí åÇáÓÄÇá
ÕÜÜÜÇÍÜí áåÜÜÜã
2014- 5- 6, 11:32 PM
Çááå íÌÒÇß ÎíÑÑÑ æÝÇáß ÇáÊæÝíÞ Èßá ÇãæÑß
ÝÏíÊæäí
2014- 5- 6, 11:36 PM
Ôäæ áßæíÒÇÊ Çáí ÈÊÚÊãÏæä ÚáíåÇ
ÌæãÇäå
2014- 5- 7, 12:38 AM
) the word "Saturday," "Sunday" and "Monday " in English
a. are part of the same semantic fieldhttp://www.ckfu.org/vb/dzquiz/true.png b. are not part of the same semantic field c. are not part of any semantic field d. are part of all semantic fields
ãíä íÔÑÍ áí åÇáÓÄÇá
Saturday ,Monday
åã ÇÌÒÇÁ ãä äÝÓ ÇáÍÞá Çááí åæ ÇáÇÓÈæÚ
ãÏÇã ÇáÝåÏ
2014- 5- 7, 01:41 AM
ÈÇÑß Çááå Ýíß ÇÎÊí áæÝáí ãÇÞÕÑÊí Çááå íßÊÈ ÇÌÑß:004:
lovelyy ÚÓì Çááå íÓÚÏÌ :004:
ÖÜÜÇãíÉ ÍÜÜäíä
2014- 5- 7, 03:13 AM
åÐí ßá ÇáÊÚÇÑíÝÇÊ ßÇãáå ÈÏæä ÇáãÍÇÖÑÇÊ ÇáãÍÐæÝå æßãáÊåÇ ãä ÔÑÍ ÇÎÊäÇ áæÝáí
ÇÐÇ Ýíå Ôí äÇÞÕ Çæ ÊÚÏíá ÎÈÑæäí
άήįήל
2014- 5- 7, 04:07 AM
í ÌãÇÚÉ ÇáÑÈÚ
ÇáÈÇÈ ÇáÇÎÖÑ æÇáÇÍãÑ ãÇÚÑÝÊ æÔ ÇáÝÑÞ Çáí ÈíäåÇ ÈÇáãÍÇÖÑå ÇáËÇäíå
ÇáãÔßáå ÇäåÇ ÇãÓßÊ ãÚí ãÇßãá ãÐÇßÑå ÇáÇ æÇäÇ ÝÇåãÊåÇ
άήįήל
2014- 5- 7, 04:08 AM
ÇÞÕÏ ÇáËÇáËå
>>ÝíÓ ãÊÎÏÑ
Nasrawi
2014- 5- 7, 04:17 AM
ÊßÝæä ÇÈÛí ÂÎÑ ÇÎÊÈÇÑíä ááÏß澄 ÇáÓíÏ
ÃáÇÞí ÃÓÆáÉ ßËíÑ æáÇ ÚÑÝÊ ÇáÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ ãäåÇ ãÍÊÇÌ ÂÎÑ ÇÎÊÈÇÑíä æÈÍÝÙåÇ æÚÓì Çááå íÓÊÑ
Another day
2014- 5- 7, 04:23 AM
í ÌãÇÚÉ ÇáÑÈÚ
ÇáÈÇÈ ÇáÇÎÖÑ æÇáÇÍãÑ ãÇÚÑÝÊ æÔ ÇáÝÑÞ Çáí ÈíäåÇ ÈÇáãÍÇÖÑå ÇáËÇäíå
ÇáãÔßáå ÇäåÇ ÇãÓßÊ ãÚí ãÇßãá ãÐÇßÑå ÇáÇ æÇäÇ ÝÇåãÊåÇ
ÕÈÇÍ ÇáæÑÏ
ÔæÝí ÚäÏäÇ ÚáÇÞÊíä æÍÏå Èíä ÇáßáãÊíä ãÚ ÈÚÖ æåÐí ÇÓãåÇ ÊÈÇÏáíå Paradigmatic relations íÚäí ÇÞÏÑ ÇÔíá æÍÏå æÇÍØ ÇáËÇäíå ÈÏÇáåÇ
æÝíå ÚáÇÞå ËÇäíå åÐí Èíä Çááæä æÇáÈÇÈ æåÐí ÇÓãíåÇ syntagmatic relation Çä Çááæä ÇáÇÍãÑ æÇáÇÎÖÑ ÇáãÔÊÑß Èíäåã åæ ÇáÈÇÈ
ÚÇÇÏ åÐÇ Çááí ÇäÇ ÝåãÊå æÇááí ÍÇÈ íÖíÝ Ôí ËÇäí íÖíÝ :16.jpg:
Another day
2014- 5- 7, 04:27 AM
ÊßÝæä ÇÈÛí ÂÎÑ ÇÎÊÈÇÑíä ááÏß澄 ÇáÓíÏ
ÃáÇÞí ÃÓÆáÉ ßËíÑ æáÇ ÚÑÝÊ ÇáÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ ãäåÇ ãÍÊÇÌ ÂÎÑ ÇÎÊÈÇÑíä æÈÍÝÙåÇ æÚÓì Çááå íÓÊÑ
ÔæÝ ÇáãæÖæÚ åÐÇ ÇäÇ ÍÇáå Ýíå ÇÎÊÈÇÑ æÇáÈäÇÊ äÒáæÇ ÕæÑÉ ÇÎÊÈÇÑ ËÇäí æÍáæå ãÔßæÑíä ÕÑÇÍå ÇÓÆáÉ ãåãå æãä Èíä ÇáÓØææÑ :000:
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/t572677.html
άήįήל
2014- 5- 7, 04:56 AM
ÕÈÇÍ ÇáæÑÏ
ÔæÝí ÚäÏäÇ ÚáÇÞÊíä æÍÏå Èíä ÇáßáãÊíä ãÚ ÈÚÖ æåÐí ÇÓãåÇ ÊÈÇÏáíå Paradigmatic relations íÚäí ÇÞÏÑ ÇÔíá æÍÏå æÇÍØ ÇáËÇäíå ÈÏÇáåÇ
æÝíå ÚáÇÞå ËÇäíå åÐí Èíä Çááæä æÇáÈÇÈ æåÐí ÇÓãíåÇ syntagmatic relation Çä Çááæä ÇáÇÍãÑ æÇáÇÎÖÑ ÇáãÔÊÑß Èíäåã åæ ÇáÈÇÈ
ÚÇÇÏ åÐÇ Çááí ÇäÇ ÝåãÊå æÇááí ÍÇÈ íÖíÝ Ôí ËÇäí íÖíÝ :16.jpg:
ÕÈÇÍß ÓÚÇÏå æÑÖÇ æßá ÇÈæ Ôí Òíä ÈåÇáÏäíÇ
ÊÔßÑÇÊ Ú ÔÑÍß í Þãíáå
íÚäí ãËáå ãËá ÇÐÇ ÞáäÇ ÊÝÇÍ æÈÑÊÞÇá >> ÇáÈäÊ ÌæÚÇäå :71:
åÐí Êßæä ÊÈÇÏáíå
ÈÓ ÇÐÇ ÞáäÇ ÚÕíÑ ÈÑÊÞÇá æÚÕíÑ ÊÝÇÇÍ :icon9:
åäÇ Êßæä ãÔÊÑßå
íÚäí ßáåã ÇÔÊÑßæ ÈãÕØáÍ æÇÍÏ Çáí åæ ÇáÚÕíÑ
>> ÊÝåã äÝÓåÇ :53:
ßÐÇ ßæíÓ æáÇ áß Úáíå Ýåãí :icon120:
άήįήל
2014- 5- 7, 05:03 AM
äÈí ÎãÓ ÇÚÖÇÁ íÊÈÑÚæä íÓææä ßæíÒÇÊ Úáì ÇÓÆáå ÇáÓÍÇÈ
ßá æÇÍÏ/å íãÓß ÚÔÑ ÇÓÆáå
áÇä ÇáæÞÊ ãÇíãÏí æãÇÖä Ýíå ÇÍÏ ÈíÓæíåÇ ÈÑæÍå áÇä ÈÕÑÇÍå ÇáßæíÒÇÊ ÊÊÚÈ
ÇäÇ Úä äÝÓí ÇÐÇ Ýíå æÞÊ ÈäÒá ÇáÇÓÆáå ÊÈÚ ÇÈæ ÈßÑ
RoOo7e FdaK
2014- 5- 7, 05:24 AM
åÐÇ ÇäØÈÇÚ ÇáÓãÓÊÑ Çáí ÑÇÍ Úä ÇáãÂÏå
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/t532852.html?archive=1
ßáÇã íØãä
ÖÜÜÇãíÉ ÍÜÜäíä
2014- 5- 7, 12:43 PM
ãÇÞÏÑÊ ÇÚÏá ÇáÑÏ ÇáÇæá
åÐí ÇáÊÚÑíÝÇÊ ÈÚÏ ÇáÊÚÏíá ÇáÇÎíÑ
áÞíÊ ÈÚÖåÇ äÇÞÕ æÝíå ÒíÇÏå ÊÚÑíÝÇÊ æÇÔíÇÁ ßÐÇ
åãáÇä ÇáÔãÇá
2014- 5- 7, 01:12 PM
ãÇÏÉ ÕÚÈÉ
ÇÈæÍäÇä ÇáÚäÒí
2014- 5- 7, 03:12 PM
ãÔßææææÑå ÇÎÊ áæÝáí
Ú ãÌåæÏß æÔÑÍß ÇáÑÇÆÚ
æÇáÔßÑ ãæÕæá áÌãíÚ ÇáÇÚÖÇÁ
ÈÇáäÓÈå ááãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÓÇÏÓå
ÚÑÝäÇ SUPERORDINAT
upper
æßÐáß Çä Hyponym
Lower
Red is superordinate of scarlet
tulip is hyponym of flower
flower hyponym of plant
flower is an immediate hyponym of plant
tulip is an immediate hyponym of flower
æÅÐÇ ÚÑÝäÇ Åä
fear is co-hyponym of anger
sadness is co-hyponym of fear
ÓÄÇáí ÇáÃä ,,,
ßíÝ íßæä ÇáÍá åÐÇ ÇáÓÄÇá ÕÍíÍ Åááí åæ
the word "happiness"...co-hyponym..of the word
"emotion
^^^^^
áÅäí ÇÚÊÞÏ ÇáÌæÇÈ åæ hyponym
Çááí ÚäÏå ÔÑÍ æÛíÑ åÐÇ ÇáßáÇã íæÖÍ áí ¿¿:24_asmilies-com:
Nasrawi
2014- 5- 7, 03:21 PM
ßã ÇÎÊÈÇÑ ãæÌæÏ áåÐí ÇáãÇÏå ááÏß澄 ÇáÓíÏ
ÊßÝææææææä
ÑÇíÍ ÈÎÑÇíØåÇ
2014- 5- 7, 03:44 PM
ÈÇáäÓÈå ááãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÓÇÏÓå
ÚÑÝäÇ SUPERORDINAT
upper
æßÐáß Çä Hyponym
Lower
Red is superordinate of scarlet
tulip is hyponym of flower
flower hyponym of plant
flower is an immediate hyponym of plant
tulip is an immediate hyponym of flower
æÅÐÇ ÚÑÝäÇ Åä
fear is co-hyponym of anger
sadness is co-hyponym of fear
ÓÄÇáí ÇáÃä ,,,
ßíÝ íßæä ÇáÍá åÐÇ ÇáÓÄÇá ÕÍíÍ Åááí åæ
the word "happiness"...co-hyponym..of the word
"emotion
^^^^^
áÅäí ÇÚÊÞÏ ÇáÌæÇÈ åæ hyponym
Çááí ÚäÏå ÔÑÍ æÛíÑ åÐÇ ÇáßáÇã íæÖÍ áí ¿¿:24_asmilies-com:
hyponym
ÌæÇÈí ãËá ÇÌÇÈÊß
áÇäå ÇáÓÚÇÏå æÇÍÓÇÓ
áßä áæ ßÇäÊ ÓÚÇÏå æÍÒä
co-hyponym
åÐÇ Çááí ÝåãÊå
AlOmair Haifa
2014- 5- 7, 03:47 PM
ÓÄÇáí ÇáÃä ,,,
ßíÝ íßæä ÇáÍá åÐÇ ÇáÓÄÇá ÕÍíÍ Åááí åæ
the word "happiness"...co-hyponym..of the word
"emotion
^^^^^
áÅäí ÇÚÊÞÏ ÇáÌæÇÈ åæ hyponym
Çááí ÚäÏå ÔÑÍ æÛíÑ åÐÇ ÇáßáÇã íæÖÍ áí ¿¿:24_asmilies-com:
-
ÚäÏí ãßÊæÈ :
The word "Happiness" is a Hyponym of the word Emotion .
ÚÇÏ åÐÇ ÇáÓÄÇá ãÑ Úáí ßËííÑ ÈÇáÃÓÆáÉ ÍÊì Ýí ÅÎÊÈÇÑ ÇáÚÇã ÌÇÈå áåã
æÝí ÇÓÆáÉ ÇáãÑÇÌÚÉ !
ÃÍÏ íÝíÏäÇ ßáÇãí ÕÍ¿ :biggrin:
ÑÇíÍ ÈÎÑÇíØåÇ
2014- 5- 7, 03:56 PM
-
ÚäÏí ãßÊæÈ :
The word "happiness" is a hyponym of the word emotion .
ÚÇÏ åÐÇ ÇáÓÄÇá ãÑ Úáí ßËííÑ ÈÇáÃÓÆáÉ ÍÊì Ýí ÅÎÊÈÇÑ ÇáÚÇã ÌÇÈå áåã
æÝí ÇÓÆáÉ ÇáãÑÇÌÚÉ !
ÃÍÏ íÝíÏäÇ ßáÇãí ÕÍ¿ :biggrin:
Çä ÔÇÁ Çááå ÕÍ
Another day
2014- 5- 7, 04:07 PM
Ýíå superordinate íÍÊæì Úáì ÇßËÑ ãä hyponym æåÐÇ äÓãíå co-hyponyms
ãËá ßáãÉ emotion ãÚäÇåÇ ÚÇØÝå æåäÇ íäÏÑÌ ßÐÇ ãÚäì áåÇ ãËá ÇáÎæÝ æÇáÓÚÇÏå æÇáÍÒä
ÇáãæÞÚ íÚáÞ ÚäÏí ãÏÑí ÇÔÓÇáÝÊå æÏí ÇÔÇÑß :139:
ãæÌÉ æÝÇ
2014- 5- 7, 04:20 PM
26-We can rule out “pregnant man”through the following componential analysis: a-man is (-male)and pregnant is (+_ male) b-man is (+male)and pregnant is (+_male) c-man is (-male)and pregnant is(-male) d-man is (+male)and pregnant is (-male)
ÇíÔ ÌæÇÈ åÇáÓÄÇá Çááå íÓÚÏßã:love080:
)ali(
2014- 5- 7, 04:23 PM
Another day
Çááå íÚØíß ÇáÚÇÝíå Úáì ÇáãÌåæÏ ÇáÑÇÆÚ
ÈÓ ÃäÇ ÔíßÊ ãÚ Ïß澄 Ýí ÌÇãÚÉ ØíÈå Úáì ÇáÃÓÆáå ÇáÃæáì ÍÞÊ ÓÍÇÈ Çááíá
Ýíå ßÐÇ ÓÄÇá Íáå ÛíÑ ÇáãæÌæÏ ãËá ÇáÓÄÇá ÑÞã 12
12-The colors “red-green”and “orange-red”are
a-compatible inside their semantic field
b-mixtures inside their sematic field
c-naturally ordered inside their semantic field
d-have blurred distinction inside their semantic field
Ýí ÇáÃÓÆáå ÇáÍá ÝÞÑå c ÈÓ ÇáÏß澄 ÞÇá ÇáÍá ÝÞÑå d íÞæá ßáãÉ blurred ÊÚäí ÖÈÇÈí íÚäí ÃæáæÇä ãÊÏÇÎáå ÛíÑ æÇÖÍå æåÐÇ ÃÞÑÈ íßæä ÇáÍá ÕÍíÍ
ãÏÑí ÅÐÇ ãÊÃßÏå ãä ÇáÍá ÈãÔì Úáì ÇáÍá íãßä ÇáÏß澄 ÝÇåã ÛáØ
ÑÇíÍ ÈÎÑÇíØåÇ
2014- 5- 7, 04:24 PM
Ýíå superordinate íÍÊæì Úáì ÇßËÑ ãä hyponym æåÐÇ äÓãíå co-hyponyms
ãËá ßáãÉ emotion ãÚäÇåÇ ÚÇØÝå æåäÇ íäÏÑÌ ßÐÇ ãÚäì áåÇ ãËá ÇáÎæÝ æÇáÓÚÇÏå æÇáÍÒä
ÇáãæÞÚ íÚáÞ ÚäÏí ãÏÑí ÇÔÓÇáÝÊå æÏí ÇÔÇÑß :139:
ÔÇÑß ãÇ Ýíå ÊÚáíÞ ÇáÇä :41jg:
ÍíÇÊí ÇãæÇÌ
2014- 5- 7, 04:24 PM
ãä ÑÃíí äÈÊÏí äÍá ÇáÃÓÆáÉ ßáåÇ æäÔÑÍ ßá ÓÄÇá
ãä íÃíÏäí¿
ÚÔÇä äãÓß ßá äãæÐÌ æäÔãáåã ßáåã
Another day
2014- 5- 7, 04:25 PM
26-We can rule out “pregnant man”through the following componential analysis: a-man is (-male)and pregnant is (+_ male) b-man is (+male)and pregnant is (+_male) c-man is (-male)and pregnant is(-male) d-man is (+male)and pregnant is (-male)
ÇíÔ ÌæÇÈ åÇáÓÄÇá Çááå íÓÚÏßã:love080:
Man as (+male) and pregnant as (-male)
Another day
2014- 5- 7, 04:29 PM
ÚäÏí ÓÄÇá ÇÏÑí ÈÊÓÊÛÑÈæä ÈÓ ãÎí ÞÝá æÍÏå ÓÇáÊäí åÇáÓÄÇá ÈãæÖæÚ áí Êæäí ÇÔæÝå
ÇáãÍÇÖÑå ÇáÇæáì ãÍÐæÝå ÕÍ ¿! ÇäÇ ãÏÑí ãä æíä ÚÑÝÊ ÈÓÇáÝÉ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÇÊ ÇáãÍÐæÝå ãÇáÞíÊ ÇáãæÖæÚ ÍÞåÇ áÇäí ÈÕÑÇÍå ãÇÍÖÑÊ æáÇ ãÍÇÖÑå ááÏß澄 áÇ ÇáãÓÌáå æáÇ ÇáãÈÇÔÑå !!
-ßÈÑíÇÁ-
2014- 5- 7, 04:30 PM
ÚäÏí ÓÄÇá ÇÏÑí ÈÊÓÊÛÑÈæä ÈÓ ãÎí ÞÝá æÍÏå ÓÇáÊäí åÇáÓÄÇá ÈãæÖæÚ áí Êæäí ÇÔæÝå
ÇáãÍÇÖÑå ÇáÇæáì ãÍÐæÝå ÕÍ ¿! ÇäÇ ãÏÑí ãä æíä ÚÑÝÊ ÈÓÇáÝÉ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÇÊ ÇáãÍÐæÝå ãÇáÞíÊ ÇáãæÖæÚ ÍÞåÇ áÇäí ÈÕÑÇÍå ãÇÍÖÑÊ æáÇ ãÍÇÖÑå ááÏß澄 áÇ ÇáãÓÌáå æáÇ ÇáãÈÇÔÑå !!
íÈ ãÍÐæÝå ...1+8+12 .. ÈÇáãÈÇÔÑå ÇáÃæáì ..
æÚäÏäÇ ãÑÇÌÚå 9+ 14 ..
Another day
2014- 5- 7, 04:31 PM
ÔÇÑß ãÇ Ýíå ÊÚáíÞ ÇáÇä :41jg:
æÇááå ÞÇÚÏå ÇÍÇæá ÇÔÇÑß ã ÇáÇíÈÇÏ ãæ ãÊÚæÏå Úáíå íÇÇááå ÇÚÑÝ ÇÑÏ ¡¡ÈÇááÇÈ íÚáÞ ÇáãæÞÚ ãÏÑí ÇáÓÈÈ áÇÈí æÇáÇ ÇáãæÞÚ äÝÓå:cool:
ãæÌÉ æÝÇ
2014- 5- 7, 04:32 PM
Man as (+male) and pregnant as (-male)
ÌÒÇß Çááå ÎíÑ :106:
ßäÊ ÔÇßå Êßæä pregnant( -+)
Another day
2014- 5- 7, 04:33 PM
íÈ ãÍÐæÝå ...1+8+12 .. ÈÇáãÈÇÔÑå ÇáÃæáì ..
æÚäÏäÇ ãÑÇÌÚå 9+ 14 ..
íÓáãæ ßÈÑíÇÁ ÝÏíÊß æÇááå Îáíäí ÇÑææÍ ÇÑÏ ÚáíåÇ æÇäÇ ßáí ËÞå ååååååååå
)ali(
2014- 5- 7, 04:33 PM
ÚäÏí ÓÄÇá ÇÏÑí ÈÊÓÊÛÑÈæä ÈÓ ãÎí ÞÝá æÍÏå ÓÇáÊäí åÇáÓÄÇá ÈãæÖæÚ áí Êæäí ÇÔæÝå
ÇáãÍÇÖÑå ÇáÇæáì ãÍÐæÝå ÕÍ ¿! ÇäÇ ãÏÑí ãä æíä ÚÑÝÊ ÈÓÇáÝÉ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÇÊ ÇáãÍÐæÝå ãÇáÞíÊ ÇáãæÖæÚ ÍÞåÇ áÇäí ÈÕÑÇÍå ãÇÍÖÑÊ æáÇ ãÍÇÖÑå ááÏß澄 áÇ ÇáãÓÌáå æáÇ ÇáãÈÇÔÑå !!
ßÇä Ýíå ãæÖæÚ ÞÈá ÃÓÈæÚíä Úä ÇáãÍÇÖÑÇÊ ÇáãÈÇÔÑå áÌãíÚ ÇáãæÇÏ
ÃÚÊÞÏ Ýí ÇáÑÏ ÇáËÇáË Ãæ ÇáÑÇÈÚ ÃÍÏ ÇáØáÇÈ íãßä ßæÑä ÝáíßÓ åí Çááì ÞÇáÊå
ÑÇíÍ ÈÎÑÇíØåÇ
2014- 5- 7, 04:39 PM
æÇááå ÞÇÚÏå ÇÍÇæá ÇÔÇÑß ã ÇáÇíÈÇÏ ãæ ãÊÚæÏå Úáíå íÇÇááå ÇÚÑÝ ÇÑÏ ¡¡ÈÇááÇÈ íÚáÞ ÇáãæÞÚ ãÏÑí ÇáÓÈÈ áÇÈí æÇáÇ ÇáãæÞÚ äÝÓå:cool:
ÇáãÔßáå ãä äÝÓ ÇáãæÞÚ ÇáÇÈ ãÇ áå ÏÎá Ýí ÇáãÔßáå :d5:
Another day
2014- 5- 7, 04:40 PM
ßÇä Ýíå ãæÖæÚ ÞÈá ÃÓÈæÚíä Úä ÇáãÍÇÖÑÇÊ ÇáãÈÇÔÑå áÌãíÚ ÇáãæÇÏ
ÃÚÊÞÏ Ýí ÇáÑÏ ÇáËÇáË Ãæ ÇáÑÇÈÚ ÃÍÏ ÇáØáÇÈ íãßä ßæÑä ÝáíßÓ åí Çááì ÞÇáÊå
íÓáãæ Úáí íÚØíß ÇáÚÇÝíå
)ali(
2014- 5- 7, 04:42 PM
Another day
Çááå íÚØíß ÇáÚÇÝíå Úáì ÇáãÌåæÏ ÇáÑÇÆÚ
ÈÓ ÃäÇ ÔíßÊ ãÚ Ïß澄 Ýí ÌÇãÚÉ ØíÈå Úáì ÇáÃÓÆáå ÇáÃæáì ÍÞÊ ÓÍÇÈ Çááíá
Ýíå ßÐÇ ÓÄÇá Íáå ÛíÑ ÇáãæÌæÏ ãËá ÇáÓÄÇá ÑÞã 12
12-The colors “red-green”and “orange-red”are
a-compatible inside their semantic field
b-mixtures inside their sematic field
c-naturally ordered inside their semantic field
d-have blurred distinction inside their semantic field
Ýí ÇáÃÓÆáå ÇáÍá ÝÞÑå c ÈÓ ÇáÏß澄 ÞÇá ÇáÍá ÝÞÑå d íÞæá ßáãÉ blurred ÊÚäí ÖÈÇÈí íÚäí ÃæáæÇä ãÊÏÇÎáå ÛíÑ æÇÖÍå æåÐÇ ÃÞÑÈ íßæä ÇáÍá ÕÍíÍ
ãÏÑí ÅÐÇ ãÊÃßÏå ãä ÇáÍá ÈãÔì Úáì ÇáÍá íãßä ÇáÏß澄 ÝÇåã ÛáØ
ãÇ ÃÍÏ ÑÏ
ãæÌÉ æÝÇ
2014- 5- 7, 04:44 PM
ãÇ ÃÍÏ ÑÏ
Çáí ÇÚÑÝå Çä ÇáÇÌÇÈå (b)
ÂáÇÁ Al99
2014- 5- 7, 04:45 PM
man as (+male) and pregnant as (-male)
ØÈ ßíÝ ÍáíÊíå! ÂíÔ ÂáÞÂÚÏå ¿!
AlOmair Haifa
2014- 5- 7, 04:47 PM
Ýíå superordinate íÍÊæì Úáì ÇßËÑ ãä hyponym æåÐÇ äÓãíå co-hyponyms
ãËá ßáãÉ emotion ãÚäÇåÇ ÚÇØÝå æåäÇ íäÏÑÌ ßÐÇ ãÚäì áåÇ ãËá ÇáÎæÝ æÇáÓÚÇÏå æÇáÍÒä
ÇáãæÞÚ íÚáÞ ÚäÏí ãÏÑí ÇÔÓÇáÝÊå æÏí ÇÔÇÑß :139:
-
ÃÎÑ ßáÇã æÔ äÍØ¿
:biggrin:
)ali(
2014- 5- 7, 04:48 PM
Çáí ÇÚÑÝå Çä ÇáÇÌÇÈå (b)
Çí ÓæÑí ÇáÇÌÇÈå b
ÈÓ ÈÚÏ íÞæá ÇáÇÌÇÈå ÇáÕÍíÍå d
AlOmair Haifa
2014- 5- 7, 04:51 PM
Çí ÓæÑí ÇáÇÌÇÈå b
ÈÓ ÈÚÏ íÞæá ÇáÇÌÇÈå ÇáÕÍíÍå d
-
áÇ ÊÊÔÊÊ æÊÔÊÊäÇ ãÚÇß .
ÇáÅÌÇÈÉ Mixtures .. ÓæÇÁ ßÇäÊ b , d :biggrin:
ãæÌÉ æÝÇ
2014- 5- 7, 04:52 PM
Çí ÓæÑí ÇáÇÌÇÈå b
ÈÓ ÈÚÏ íÞæá ÇáÇÌÇÈå ÇáÕÍíÍå d
(b)
ÊÚäí ÇáÎáØ æÇÖä åí ÇáÇÕÍ æÇááå ÇÚáã
)ali(
2014- 5- 7, 04:56 PM
-
áÇ ÊÊÔÊÊ æÊÔÊÊäÇ ãÚÇß .
ÇáÅÌÇÈÉ mixtures .. ÓæÇÁ ßÇäÊ b , d :biggrin:
ÎáÇÕ ÈãÔí ãÚßã æÃäÇ ÈÚÏ ÃÚÊÞÏ ßáÇãßã ÕÍíÍ
ãæÌÉ æÝÇ
2014- 5- 7, 04:58 PM
ÍÇæáæ ÊÑßÒæ ÚÇáÊÚÇÑíÝ áÇäåÇ ßËíÑå æÊáÎÈØ
i am legend
2014- 5- 7, 05:06 PM
ÍÇæáæ ÊÑßÒæ ÚÇáÊÚÇÑíÝ áÇäåÇ ßËíÑå æÊáÎÈØ
Ðí ÇáÊÚÇÑíÝ ßÇãáÉ ..
Another day
2014- 5- 7, 05:12 PM
ÓæÑí Úáí ãÇ ÔÝÊ ÓÄÇáß ÔæÝ ÈÇáäÓÈå ááÇÌÇÈÇÊ
12-The colors “red-green”and “orange-red”are
a-compatible inside their semantic field
b-mixtures inside their sematic field
c-naturally ordered inside their semantic field
d-have blurred distinction inside their semantic field
A-ãÇÚäÏäÇ Ýí ÇáÏÑÓ Ôí ÇÓãå compatible íÚäí ßäÓá åÇáÇÌÇÈå
B-åÐí ÇáÇÌÇÈå ÇáÕÍíÍå
C-åÐí ÇáãÞÕæÏ ÝíåÇ ÇáÇÑÞÇã æÇáÇäÔ æÇáÝæÊ æÇáíÇÑÏ íÚäí ÊßäÓá åÇáÇÌÇÈå
D-åÐí ÝíåÇ ÇáÖÈÇÈíå æÇáãÞÕæÏ ÝíåÇ ÇáÖæÖÇÁ ÈÇáßáãÇÊ ÇáãßÓíßíå áÇäåÇ ÊÌí ÈßÐÇ ãÚäì ÇáåæÇÔ Çæ ÕæÊ ÇáÇØÝÇá ÇáÕÛÇÑ æåßÐÇ
Another day
2014- 5- 7, 05:18 PM
ØÈ ßíÝ ÍáíÊíå! ÂíÔ ÂáÞÂÚÏå ¿!
áãÇ äÌí äÓÊÎÏã ÇáÇÔÇÑÇÊ +æ- äÚØí ááÐßÑ + æÈÏíåí ÑÇÍ íßæä ÚßÓå - æÇáÑãÒ åÐÇ ÇáãÞÕæÏ Ýíå ÇáãÑÃå
íÚäí +ÐßÑ=ÇáÑÌá
-ÐßÑ=ÇáãÑÃå
æÇáÍÇãá =ÇáãÑÃå= -ÐßÑ
æÕáÊ ÇáãÚáæãå¿
Çí äÓíÊ æÇÐÇ ÇÓÊÎÏãÊí ÇáÇÔÇÑÊíä ãÚ ÈÚÖ ÝåÐÇ íÚäí Çäå áÇÐßÑ æáÇ ÇäËì = ÌãÇÏ
äÓíã*
2014- 5- 7, 05:22 PM
ãÑÍÈÇ
ßíÝßã æßíÝ ÇáãÐÇßÑå
άήįήל
2014- 5- 7, 05:24 PM
ÔæÝæ åÐÇ ÔÑÍ ãäÞæá ááÃÎ ÇÈæÈßÑ Çááå íÌÒÇå ÎíÑ ááí ãæ ÝÇåãíä
collocation -homonymy -polysemy
7
7
7
ÍíÇ Çááå ÏÍæã .
ÃÊÚÑÝ ãÇ åí ÇáãÔßáÉ ÈÇáÖÈØ Ýí åÐå ÇáãÇÏÉ ¿
ÇáãÔßáÉ íÇ ÕÏíÞí Ãä ãÏÑÓ ÇáãÇÏÉ áã íßáÝ äÝÓå ÚäÇÁ ÇáÊæÖíÍ Ýí ÓÈÈ ÏÑÇÓÊäÇ áåÐå ÇáÚáÇÞÇÊ ¡ æáã íßáÝ äÝÓå Úáì ÇáÃÞá ÊÑÊíÈåÇ Ýí ÔÌÑÉ ßãÏÎá ÚÇã áäÝåã ÇáÊÝÑÚÇÊ.
ãÇ ÚáíäÇ ¡ Çááå íÓÇãÍå.
íÌÈ ÚáíäÇ Ãä äÝåã Ãä ÇááÛÉ ÇáÇäÌáíÒíÉ ÊÍÊæí Úáì ÚáÇÞÇÊ ÊÓãì sense relation
æãÚäì ßáãÉ sense åæ ÇáãÚäì ÇáãÊÍÕá Ãæ ÇáãÞÕæÏ ãä ÚÈÇÑÉ Ãæ ßáãÉ.
æÈÇáÊÇáí ÝÅä ÇáÜ sense relations ÊÚÑÝ Úáì ÃäåÇ ÇáÚáÇÞÇÊ Èíä ãÚÇäí ÇáßáãÇÊ ÓæÇÁ ÈÇáÊÔÇÈå Ãæ ÈÇáÊäÇÝÑ Ãæ ÛíÑåÇ.
ÇáÃä ãä åÐÇ ÇáãäØáÞ äÈÏà ÈÊÍÏíÏ åÐå ÇáÚáÇÞÇÊ æåí ßãÇ íáí:
1- ÚáÇÞÉ ÇáÊÔÇÈå Ýí ÇáãÚäì synonymy
ãËÇá:
áæ ÃÎÐäÇ ÇáßáãÉ small ÓäÌÏ Ãä áåÇ ÇáãÚÇäí ÇáãÑÇÏÝÉ ÇáÊÇáíÉ:
Little, Mini, short, tiny, fine, petite
áÇÍÙ Ãä ßáã ÇáßáãÇÊ Ýí ÇáÓØÑ ÇáËÇäí åí ãÊÑÇÏÝÇÊ synonyms
2- ÚáÇÞÉ ÇáÊäÇÝÑ Ýí ÇáãÚäì antonymy
ãËÇá:
Fat and skinny
ØÈÚÇ åäÇß ËáÇËÉ ÇäæÇÚ ãä ÇáÇäÊæäíãÒ ¡ ÃÑÌæ ÇáÑÌæÚ áåÇ Ýí ÔÑÍ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÇÊ.
3- ÚáÇÞÉ ßáãÇÊ ÊÃÊí ÈÇáÊÔÇÑß ãÚ ßáãÇÊ ÃÎÑì collocations
æåí ÇáÚáÇÞÉ ÇáÊí ÊÓÇÁáÊ ÚäåÇ.
áÇÍÙ ÃÎí ÇáßÑíã Ãä ßáãÉ ßæáæßíÔä áæ ÊÑÌãÊåÇ ÍÑÝíÇ ÓÊÍÏ ÃäåÇ ÊÚäí ÊÔÇÑß Ýí ãæÞÚ ¡ Ãí ÇäåÇ ßáãÇÊ ÊÃÊí ãÚ ßáãÇÊ ÃÎÑì .
ãËÇá:
committing murder
åÇÊÇä ÇáßáãÊÇä Ýí ÇáÚÇÏÉ ÊÃÊíÇä ãÚ ÈÚÖåãÇ ÇáÈÚÖ ¡ ÝÍÊì Ýí ÇááÛÉ ÇáÚÑÈíÉ äÞæá ÇÞÊÑÇÝ ÇáÌÑíãÉ ¡ æáÇ äÞæá ÇÞÊÑÇÝ ÇáÓáÇã ãËáÇð. åÐå åí ÇáäÞØÉ ÇáåÇãÉ áäÝåã ÇáßæáæßíÔä .
æØÈÚÇ ááßæáæßíÔä ÖæÇÈØ ÓÈÞ Ãä ÈíäÊåÇ Ýí ÔÑÍí ááãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÑÇÈÚÉ.
4- ÚáÇÞÉ Èíä ßáãÇÊ íßæä ãÚäì ÃÍÏåÇ ãÖãäÇ Ýí ãÚäì ßáãÉ ÃÎÑì hyponymy
ÈãÚäì ÂÎÑ åí ÚáÇÞÉ Èíä ßáãÊíä ÅÍÏÇåãÇ ÎÇÕÉ ÊäÊãí Åáì ßáãÉ ÚÇãÉ.
ãËÇá: ßáãÉ (ßáÈ) æßáãÉ (ÍíæÇä) ¡ ãÇ åí ÇáÚáÇÞÉ ÈíäåãÇ¿
ÇáÚáÇÞÉ åÇíÈæäíãí áÃä ÇáßáÈ ÌÒÁ Ãæ íäÊãí Åáì ÇáßáãÉ (ÍíæÇä).
5- ÚáÇÞÉ ÊäÔà äÊíÌíÉ áÊÚÏÏ ÇáãÚÇäí áßáãÉ æÇÍÏÉ .polysemy
ãËÇá:
áäÃÎÐ ßáãÉ tie ÓäáÇÍÙ ÃääÇ íãßä Çä äÓÊÎÏãåÇ ÈÇááÛÉ ÇáÇäÌáíÒíÉ ÈÚÏÉ ãÚÇäí:
ÝÞÏ ÊÃÊí ÈãÚäì ÑÈØÉ ÚäÞ¡ æÞÏ ÊÃÊí ÈãÚäì íÑÈØ
ãËÇá ÂÎÑ :
áäÃÎÐ ßáãÉ bank
ÞÏ íÃÊí ãÚäÇåÇ ÖÝÉ ÇáäåÑ ¡ æÞÏ íÃÊí ãÚäÇåÇ ÇáãÕÑÝ Çæ ÇáÈäß .
6- ÚáÇÞÉ Èíä ßáãÇÊ ÊÊÔÇÈå Ýí ÇáÔßá Ãæ ØÑíÞÉ ÇáßÊÇÈÉ Ãæ ÇáÕæÊ æÊÈÊÚÏ Úä ÈÚÖåÇ ÇáÈÚÖ Ýí ÇáãÚäì.homonyms
ãËÇá: áäÃÎÐ ÇáßáãÊíä which and witch
äáÇÍÙ Ãä ÇÍÏÇåãÇ ãÚäÇåÇ ÇáÓÇÍÑÉ ¡ æÇáËÇäíÉ ßáãÉ ÊÓÊÎã ááÓÄÇá ÈãÚäì (Ãí)
ÊäÞÓã ÇáåæãæäíãÒ Åáì ÞÓãíä:
ÃæáÇð: ÇáåæãæÛÑÇÝÒ : æåí ßáãÇÊ ÊÊÔÇÑß Ýí äÝÓ ÇáÊåÌÆÉ ÈÛÖ ÇáäÙÑ Úä ØÑíÞÉ ÇááÝÙ.
ãËÇá: blue (the color) blue (the feeling of sadness)
ËÇäíÇð: ÇáåæãæÝæäÒ: æåí ßáãÇÊ ÊÊÔÇÈå ãä äÇÍíÉ ÇáÕæÊ ÍíË ÊÓãÚåÇ æíÎÊáØ Úáíß ÇáÃãÑ æáßäåÇ ÍÞíÞÉ ÊÎÊáÝ Ýí ØÑíÞÉ ÇáÊåÌÆÉ áåÇ.
ãËÇá:
ate, eight
áÇÍÙ Ãäß áä ÊãíÒ ÇáÝÑÞ Èíä ÇáßáãÊíä ÚäÏãÇ ÊÓãÚåãÇ ÓãÇÚÇð ÇáÇ ãä ÎáÇá ÓíÇÞ ÇáÍÏíË¡ ÝãËáÇ áæ ÞÇá áß ÃÍÏåã:
I ate my supper at eight o’clock
ÓÊÝåã ÊáÞÇÆíÇð ãä ÎáÇá ÇáÓíÇÞ Ãä ÇáÃæáì ÊÚäí ÇáÝÚá Ãßá æÃä ÇáßáãÉ ÇáËÇäíÉ ÊÚäí ÇáÓÇÚÉ ÇáËÇãäÉ.
ãáÇÍÙÉ ÃÎíÑÉ:
ßíÝ äÝÑÞ Èíä ÇáÈæáíÓíãí æÇáåæãæÝæä¿
íÌÈ Ãä äÊÐßÑ ÏÇÆãÇð Ãä ÇáÈæáíÓíãí ÚÈÇÑÉ Úä ßáãÉ áåÇ ÚÏÉ ãÚÇäí ãÎÊáÝÉ æáåÇ äÝÓ Ôßá ÇáßÊÇÈÉ.
ÈíäãÇ ÇáåæãæÝæä ÚÈÇÑÉ Úä ßáãÉ áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáÕæÊ æáíÓ ÔÑØÇð Ãä Êßæä ãÊÔÇÈåÉ Ýí Ôßá ÇáßÊÇÈÉ.
"áÚíæäåÇ ÌíÊ"
2014- 5- 7, 05:25 PM
Another day
Çááå íÚØíß ÇáÚÇÝíå Úáì ÇáãÌåæÏ ÇáÑÇÆÚ
ÈÓ ÃäÇ ÔíßÊ ãÚ Ïß澄 Ýí ÌÇãÚÉ ØíÈå Úáì ÇáÃÓÆáå ÇáÃæáì ÍÞÊ ÓÍÇÈ Çááíá
Ýíå ßÐÇ ÓÄÇá Íáå ÛíÑ ÇáãæÌæÏ ãËá ÇáÓÄÇá ÑÞã 12
12-The colors “red-green”and “orange-red”are
a-compatible inside their semantic field
b-mixtures inside their sematic field
c-naturally ordered inside their semantic field
d-have blurred distinction inside their semantic field
Ýí ÇáÃÓÆáå ÇáÍá ÝÞÑå c ÈÓ ÇáÏß澄 ÞÇá ÇáÍá ÝÞÑå d íÞæá ßáãÉ blurred ÊÚäí ÖÈÇÈí íÚäí ÃæáæÇä ãÊÏÇÎáå ÛíÑ æÇÖÍå æåÐÇ ÃÞÑÈ íßæä ÇáÍá ÕÍíÍ
ãÏÑí ÅÐÇ ãÊÃßÏå ãä ÇáÍá ÈãÔì Úáì ÇáÍá íãßä ÇáÏß澄 ÝÇåã ÛáØ
ÇáÇÌÇÈÉ ÇáÕÍíÍÉ åÐí
-mixtures inside their sematic field
áÇä ÚäÏäÇ ãÕØáÍ mixtures Çááí åæ ãÚäÇå ÎáíØ æåäÇ Ýí ÇáÓÄÇá ÎáíØ ãä ÇáÇáæÇä ÝÚáì åÇáÇÓÇÓ ÇÎÊÑäÇå
ÇÊãäì Çßæä ÚÑÝÊ ÇæÖÍ áßã åÇáäÞØÉ
hyponym
ÌæÇÈí ãËá ÇÌÇÈÊß
áÇäå ÇáÓÚÇÏå æÇÍÓÇÓ
áßä áæ ßÇäÊ ÓÚÇÏå æÍÒä
co-hyponym
åÐÇ Çááí ÝåãÊå
Ýíå superordinate íÍÊæì Úáì ÇßËÑ ãä hyponym æåÐÇ äÓãíå co-hyponyms
ãËá ßáãÉ emotion ãÚäÇåÇ ÚÇØÝå æåäÇ íäÏÑÌ ßÐÇ ãÚäì áåÇ ãËá ÇáÎæÝ æÇáÓÚÇÏå æÇáÍÒä
ÇáãæÞÚ íÚáÞ ÚäÏí ãÏÑí ÇÔÓÇáÝÊå æÏí ÇÔÇÑß :139:
ÌÒÇßã Çááå ÇáÌäÉ :icon1:
äÓíã*
2014- 5- 7, 05:32 PM
Ýíå ÓÄÇá ãÍíÑäí ÌæÇÈå
Constitute opposite ends of scale , but the negative
of one word is not neceessarily synonymous with the other
big &little , hot &cold¡tall&short
-synonymy
-homonymy
-antonymy
-complement pairs
ÇÍÏ íÚÑÝ ÇáÌæÇÈ æãÊÇßÏ ãäå !¿
άήįήל
2014- 5- 7, 05:34 PM
åÐí ÇÓÆáÉ ãÕæÑå ááÊÑã Çáí ÞÈá Çáí ÝÇÊ >>>> ãÔææÇÑ ÕÍ åÚ
Hanin G
2014- 5- 7, 05:34 PM
áæÓãÍ澂 æÔ ÌÇ ÈÇáãÍÇÖÑå ÇáËÇáËå..¿! ßá ÇÍÏ íÞæá Çä ÇáÏß澄 ÞÇá ßáÇã ãåã .. :/
AlOmair Haifa
2014- 5- 7, 05:38 PM
-
ãä ÇáÃÓÆáÉ Åááí ÌÊåã ÇáÚÇã:
male -female
ÇáÌæÇÈ: Binary antonyms
child - adult
ÇáÌæÇÈ: Binary antonyms
student - teacher
ÇáÌæÇÈ: Converses
husband-wife
ÇáÌæÇÈ:Converses
:icon120:
Another day
2014- 5- 7, 05:38 PM
-
ÃÎÑ ßáÇã æÔ äÍØ¿
:biggrin:
ÊÏÑíä Êæäí ÇÏÑí Çä Ýíå ÓÄÇá:139: ÇáÇÌÇÈå hyponym
äÓíã*
2014- 5- 7, 05:39 PM
åÐí ÇÓÆáÉ ãÕæÑå ááÊÑã Çáí ÞÈá Çáí ÝÇÊ >>>> ãÔææÇÑ ÕÍ åÚ
Thank you too much :lllolll:
ÂáÇÁ Al99
2014- 5- 7, 05:41 PM
áãÇ äÌí äÓÊÎÏã ÇáÇÔÇÑÇÊ +æ- äÚØí ááÐßÑ + æÈÏíåí ÑÇÍ íßæä ÚßÓå - æÇáÑãÒ åÐÇ ÇáãÞÕæÏ Ýíå ÇáãÑÃå
íÚäí +ÐßÑ=ÇáÑÌá
-ÐßÑ=ÇáãÑÃå
æÇáÍÇãá =ÇáãÑÃå= -ÐßÑ
æÕáÊ ÇáãÚáæãå¿
Çí äÓíÊ æÇÐÇ ÇÓÊÎÏãÊí ÇáÇÔÇÑÊíä ãÚ ÈÚÖ ÝåÐÇ íÚäí Çäå áÇÐßÑ æáÇ ÇäËì = ÌãÇÏ
ÂíæÂ æÕÕÕáÊ :verycute: :verycute: :004: :004:
ãÑ ÔßÑ¡ æÌÒíÊí ÂáÌäÂä :rose:
ÍíÇÊí ÇãæÇÌ
2014- 5- 7, 05:42 PM
áÇíæÌÏ ÇÍÏ íæÇÝÞäí ÇáÑÃí
äÍá ßá Ííä äãæÐÌ
-ßÈÑíÇÁ-
2014- 5- 7, 05:43 PM
Ýíå ÓÄÇá ãÍíÑäí ÌæÇÈå
Constitute opposite ends of scale , but the negative
of one word is not neceessarily synonymous with the other
big &little , hot &cold¡tall&short
-synonymy
-homonymy
-antonymy
-complement pairs
ÇÍÏ íÚÑÝ ÇáÌæÇÈ æãÊÇßÏ ãäå !¿
antonymy >> ÊÖÇÏ i think that >>
Another day
2014- 5- 7, 05:45 PM
Ýíå ÓÄÇá ãÍíÑäí ÌæÇÈå
Constitute opposite ends of scale , but the negative
of one word is not neceessarily synonymous with the other
big &little , hot &cold¡tall&short
-synonymy
-homonymy
-antonymy
-complement pairs
ÇÍÏ íÚÑÝ ÇáÌæÇÈ æãÊÇßÏ ãäå !¿
antonymy>>>gradable antonymys
AlOmair Haifa
2014- 5- 7, 05:45 PM
ÊÏÑíä Êæäí ÇÏÑí Çä Ýíå ÓÄÇá:139: ÇáÇÌÇÈå hyponym
-
íÚäí íÇ G u c c i ßáÇãß æßáÇãí ÕÍ.
:cool:
æ ÇáÃÎ ÑÇíÍ ÈÎÑÇíØåÇ ÈÚÏ :tongue:
áÇíæÌÏ ÇÍÏ íæÇÝÞäí ÇáÑÃí
äÍá ßá Ííä äãæÐÌ
ÍíÇÊí ÇãæÇÌ ÊÝÖáí ÚØíäÇ ÇáäãæÐÌ ... ÇäÇ ãÚß
-
íÚäí íÇ g u c c i ßáÇãß æßáÇãí ÕÍ.
:cool:
æ ÇáÃÎ ÑÇíÍ ÈÎÑÇíØåÇ ÈÚÏ :tongue:
ÇáÍãÏ ááå ,,, áÇäí ßÇÊÈÊåÇ ÈÇáßæíÒ æÎÇíÝå ÇÛáØ :(204):
ÇÍãÏ Ú ÇáÔãÑí
2014- 5- 7, 05:53 PM
ÇáÓáÇã Úáíßã ÇáÍíä ÈÏíÊ ÇÐÇßÑ æãÇäí ÝÇåã Ôí æÔ ÊäÕÍæäí áÇäí ãÊæåÞ Ôßáí ÇÈí ÇÍÝÙ ÇÓÆáÉ ÇáÊÑã ÇáãÇÖí æÇáÈÇÞí Úáì Çááå
Marya J
2014- 5- 7, 05:54 PM
ããßä ÊÍØæä ÇÓÆáÉ 9+14 , æÇáÊãÇÑíä Çááí ÊÞÕÏæäåÇ ãÍáæáÉ ÈãáÝ pdf :verycute:
ÇÍãÏ Ú ÇáÔãÑí
2014- 5- 7, 06:02 PM
íÇãÊÚáãíä íÇ ÈÊæÚ ÇáãÏÇÑÓ
ÇáÝÒÚå ãÇäí ÝÇåã Ôí:39:
ÇÍãÏ Ú ÇáÔãÑí
2014- 5- 7, 06:04 PM
ÚØæäí Çí ãáÎÕ ÊÖäæä Çä ÛÇáÈíÉ ÇáÇÓÆáå ãäå æÎáæäí ÇÍÝÙå
AlOmair Haifa
2014- 5- 7, 06:04 PM
ÇáÓáÇã Úáíßã ÇáÍíä ÈÏíÊ ÇÐÇßÑ æãÇäí ÝÇåã Ôí æÔ ÊäÕÍæäí áÇäí ãÊæåÞ Ôßáí ÇÈí ÇÍÝÙ ÇÓÆáÉ ÇáÊÑã ÇáãÇÖí æÇáÈÇÞí Úáì Çááå
-
æ Úáíßã ÇáÓáÇã¡ ãÇ åÐÇ ÇáÊÔÇÆõã :Looking_anim:
ÇáãÇÏÉ ÍáæÉ æÓåáÉ æÅä ÔÇÁ Çááå ÈÊÍá Òíä :"
ÍØíÊ áß ÈÇáãÑÝÞ Åááí ÚäÏí¡ ÅÞÑà ÇáãÍÊæì ßáå
æÅÍÝØ ÇáÊÚÇÑíÝ ÈÚÏíä ÑÇÌÚ ÇáÃÓÆáÉ æÑßÒ ÚáíåÇ :"
ÃÊãäì Ãßæä ÓÇÚÏÊß :wink:
ÈÇáÊæÝíÞ :004:
AlOmair Haifa
2014- 5- 7, 06:07 PM
ÚØæäí Çí ãáÎÕ ÊÖäæä Çä ÛÇáÈíÉ ÇáÇÓÆáå ãäå æÎáæäí ÇÍÝÙå
ÇáãÍÊæì ÞÕíÑ ÌÏðÇ ãÇ íÊÚÏì 40 ÕÝÍÉ!
:biggrin:
ÂÈæ äæÂÝ
2014- 5- 7, 06:13 PM
ÕÍíÍ Çä ÇáãÍÇÖÑÇÊ 1/8/12 ãÍÐæÝå¿
AlOmair Haifa
2014- 5- 7, 06:15 PM
ÕÍíÍ Çä ÇáãÍÇÖÑÇÊ 1/8/12 ãÍÐæÝå¿
Yes :019:
äÓíʺ 9+14 ãÑÇÌÚÉ æÝíåã ÊãÇÑíä :biggrin:
ãæßÇáÇÊíå
2014- 5- 7, 06:32 PM
Converses
ããßä ÇÍÏ íæÖÍ áí ãÊì ÇÎÊÇÑåÇ
υηιqυє
2014- 5- 7, 07:03 PM
ãÇÝåãÊ ãä ÔÑÍ ÇáÏß澄 æáÇ Ôííííííííííí
ãÇÔí 250 íÊßáã ÈÓÑÚå ßä ÇÍÏ íØÇÑÏå :12:
æÔ ÇáÓæÇÉ íÇáÑÈÚ ¿ ÇÍÏ Ýåã ÔÑÍå
:confused:
ÍíÇÊí ÇãæÇÌ
2014- 5- 7, 07:11 PM
ÈÓã Çááå ÇáÑÍãä ÇáÑÍíã
ÃÈÊÏí ÈÃÓÆáÉ ÇáÚÔÑíä ÓÄÇá
Antonymy is the relationship between two words that have:
a. the same reference.
b. opposite references.
c. the same sense.
d. opposite senses.:d5:
"áÚíæäåÇ ÌíÊ"
2014- 5- 7, 07:16 PM
converses
ããßä ÇÍÏ íæÖÍ áí ãÊì ÇÎÊÇÑåÇ
ãÚäÇåÇ ãÖÇÏÇÊ ÊäÇÓÈíÉ
ßáãÊíä ßá æÇÍÏÉ ãäåã ãÊÖÇÏÉ ãÚ ÇáÇÎÑì æÊæÕÝåÇ Ýí äÝÓ ÇáæÞÊ ÈÚßÓ ÇáÇÎÑì
Òí (ÇáÇÈä æÇáÇÈ) ããßä ÇÞæá ÇÍãÏ ÇÈä ÎÇáÏ æÈäÝÓ ÇáæÞÊ ÎÇáÏ ÇÈ áÇÍãÏ ÚßÓ ÈÚÖ
ÚäÏß ßãÇä( ÇáÒæÌ æÇáÒæÌÉ) ßá æÇÍÏÉ ãäåã åí æÕÝ ááÇÎÑì
(ÇáØÈíÈ æÇáãÑíÖ) (ÇáÎÇÏã æÇáÓíÏ)
Òí ßÐÇ ÇÊãäì Êßæäí ÝåãÊí
ÑÈí íæÝÞäÇ
2014- 5- 7, 07:18 PM
íÇÌãÇÚå ÇáÎíÑ ããßä áæÊßÑã ÇÍÏ ãäßã æÌãÚ ÌãíÚ ÇáÊÚÇÑíÝ Çáí ãÚäÇ æÇáí ßÊÈÊåÇ ÇáÇÎÊ Ýí ÔÑæÍÇÊåÇ ÇáÊÚÇÑíÝ Çáí ãæÌæÏå Ýí ÇáÑÏæÏ ÇáÓÇÈÞå äÇÞÕå :confused:
Another day
2014- 5- 7, 07:19 PM
Converses
ããßä ÇÍÏ íæÖÍ áí ãÊì ÇÎÊÇÑåÇ
åÐí ÊÌí Èíä ÇáÚáÇÞÇÊ ÊæÕÝåÇ æÚÔÇä ÊÝåãíäåÇ ØÈÞí ÚáíåÇ ÞÇÚÏÉ X æ Y
ÈãÚäì áæ X ÃÈ á Y
íßæä Y ÇÈä Çæ ÇÈäå áX
íÚäí áãÇ ÊÌíß ßáãÊíä ÇÚßÓíåÇ æØÈÞí Úáì ÇáÞÇÚÏå åÐí æÇÐÇ ÙÈØÊ Èíßæä Çááí ÚäÏí Converses
parent- child
buy- sell
go- come
ãáÇÍÙå ÊÑÇ give ãÇÇÚÊÈÑåÇ åí æ Take
Converses áíÔ¿ áÇäå ãæ ÔÑØ ÇÐÇ ÚØíÊß Ôí ÈÊÇÎÐå ÝãÇ ÊäØÈÞ Úáíå ÞÇÚÏÉ ÇáX æY
ãæßÇáÇÊíå
2014- 5- 7, 07:22 PM
åÐí ÊÌí Èíä ÇáÚáÇÞÇÊ ÊæÕÝåÇ æÚÔÇä ÊÝåãíäåÇ ØÈÞí ÚáíåÇ ÞÇÚÏÉ X æ Y
ÈãÚäì áæ X ÃÈ á Y
íßæä Y ÇÈä Çæ ÇÈäå áX
íÚäí áãÇ ÊÌíß ßáãÊíä ÇÚßÓíåÇ æØÈÞí Úáì ÇáÞÇÚÏå åÐí æÇÐÇ ÙÈØÊ Èíßæä Çááí ÚäÏí Converses
parent- child
buy- sell
go- come
ãáÇÍÙå ÊÑÇ give ãÇÇÚÊÈÑåÇ åí æ Take
Converses áíÔ¿ áÇäå ãæ ÔÑØ ÇÐÇ ÚØíÊß Ôí ÈÊÇÎÐå ÝãÇ ÊäØÈÞ Úáíå ÞÇÚÏÉ ÇáX æY
íÚØíß ÇáÝ ÚÇÝíå ÇáÍíä æÇÖÍÉ
:d5::d5::d5::d5::d5:
ÍíÇÊí ÇãæÇÌ
2014- 5- 7, 07:31 PM
ããßä ÃÍÏ íÔÑÍ áí åÐÇ ÇáÓÄÇá
Which of the following is NOT true about hyponymy?
a. The upper term is called the hyponym and the lower term is the superordinate.
b. If a superordinate term has more than one hyponym, we call them co-hyponyms.
c. A hyponym can be a superordinate of another term included in its meaning.
d. There is not always a superordinate term for hyponyms in a language
Hanin G
2014- 5- 7, 07:44 PM
æÔ ÞÇá ÇáÏß澄 ÈÇáãÍÇÙÑå ÇáãÈÇÔÑÉ ÇáËÇáËå .. :(
ÌæãÇäå
2014- 5- 7, 07:45 PM
ããßä ÃÍÏ íÔÑÍ áí åÐÇ ÇáÓÄÇá
Which of the following is NOT true about hyponymy?
a. The upper term is called the hyponym and the lower term is the superordinate.
b. If a superordinate term has more than one hyponym, we call them co-hyponyms.
c. A hyponym can be a superordinate of another term included in its meaning.
d. There is not always a superordinate term for hyponyms in a language
ÇáÇÌÇÈå åí a áÇäå ÛíÑ ÕÍíÍ ãæ ãä ÕÝÇÊ hyponyms áÇäå ßÇÊÈ ÈÇáÓÄÇá not
Another day
2014- 5- 7, 07:46 PM
ããßä ÃÍÏ íÔÑÍ áí åÐÇ ÇáÓÄÇá
Which of the following is NOT true about hyponymy?
a. The upper term is called the hyponym and the lower term is the superordinate.
b. If a superordinate term has more than one hyponym, we call them co-hyponyms.
c. A hyponym can be a superordinate of another term included in its meaning.
d. There is not always a superordinate term for hyponyms in a language
ÇáÇÌÇÈå ÇáÎÇØÆå åí a áÇä ÇáÇÌÇÈå ÇáÕÍíÍå åí áÇÒã Êßæä ÇáÌãáå ßÐÇ
The upper term is called the superordinate and the "lower" term is called the hyponym.
άήįήל
2014- 5- 7, 07:48 PM
ÇÚáäÊ ÍÑÈí áåÇáãÇÏå
íÇ ÇäÇ íÇ åí
ÇáÒÈÏå Ýåãææäí
ÇáÍíä æÔæáå ÇáÊÚÞíÏ
ÇáãÊßÇÝÆå äÝÓ ÇáÇÍÞå
íÚäí åæ íÓÊÚÈØ æáÇ íÓÊÚÈØ
ÈÓ Ôßá ÈÇáäåÇíå ÇáÈáÇ Ýíäí
ÇáÒÈÏå Çáí Ýíå ãÕØÝì ÕÛíÑ ÈÏÇÎáå íÌí íÝåãäí áÇäí ÎáÇÕ ÊäÍÊ
Hanin G
2014- 5- 7, 08:03 PM
ÇÚáäÊ ÍÑÈí áåÇáãÇÏå
íÇ ÇäÇ íÇ åí
ÇáÒÈÏå Ýåãææäí
ÇáÍíä æÔæáå ÇáÊÚÞíÏ
ÇáãÊßÇÝÆå äÝÓ ÇáÇÍÞå
íÚäí åæ íÓÊÚÈØ æáÇ íÓÊÚÈØ
ÈÓ Ôßá ÈÇáäåÇíå ÇáÈáÇ Ýíäí
ÇáÒÈÏå Çáí Ýíå ãÕØÝì ÕÛíÑ ÈÏÇÎáå íÌí íÝåãäí áÇäí ÎáÇÕ ÊäÍÊ
æÔ ÇáãÊßÇÝÆÉ ..¿! Çí ãÍÇÖÑå ..¿!
)ali(
2014- 5- 7, 08:05 PM
ÓæÑí Úáí ãÇ ÔÝÊ ÓÄÇáß ÔæÝ ÈÇáäÓÈå ááÇÌÇÈÇÊ
12-the colors “red-green”and “orange-red”are
a-compatible inside their semantic field
b-mixtures inside their sematic field
c-naturally ordered inside their semantic field
d-have blurred distinction inside their semantic field
a-ãÇÚäÏäÇ Ýí ÇáÏÑÓ Ôí ÇÓãå compatible íÚäí ßäÓá åÇáÇÌÇÈå
b-åÐí ÇáÇÌÇÈå ÇáÕÍíÍå
c-åÐí ÇáãÞÕæÏ ÝíåÇ ÇáÇÑÞÇã æÇáÇäÔ æÇáÝæÊ æÇáíÇÑÏ íÚäí ÊßäÓá åÇáÇÌÇÈå
d-åÐí ÝíåÇ ÇáÖÈÇÈíå æÇáãÞÕæÏ ÝíåÇ ÇáÖæÖÇÁ ÈÇáßáãÇÊ ÇáãßÓíßíå áÇäåÇ ÊÌí ÈßÐÇ ãÚäì ÇáåæÇÔ Çæ ÕæÊ ÇáÇØÝÇá ÇáÕÛÇÑ æåßÐÇ
Çááå íÚØíß ÇáÚÇÝíå æíßÊÈ áß ÇáÊæÝíÞ.... ÔÑÍ æÇÝí
Another day
2014- 5- 7, 08:05 PM
ÇáÍíä ÇÈí ÇÚÑÝ Ôáæä ÑÇÍ íÌí ÇáÓÄÇá Úä
in Arabic we have a lot of words like “klas” and “shishi” that divide up the semantic field of “dates”.
ãÇ ÇÏÑí åá ÇÚÊÈÑåÇ ãËá ÇáÖæÖÇÁ ÈÇáãßÓíßíå (blurred.) æÇáÇ ÇÚÊÈÑåÇ
example of divided up particular semantic field.
Hanin G
2014- 5- 7, 08:07 PM
ÇáÜ sense relations åã 5 ÈÓ ÕÍ ..¿!
ÛíÑ ÇáÊÝÑÚÇÊ ÍÞÇÊåã íÚäí .¡
Synonymy
Antonymy
Hyponymy
Polysemy
Homonymy
ÈÓ Ðæáí ÕÍ..¿! :(
Another day
2014- 5- 7, 08:19 PM
ÇáÜ sense relations åã 5 ÈÓ ÕÍ ..¿!
ÛíÑ ÇáÊÝÑÚÇÊ ÍÞÇÊåã íÚäí .¡
Synonymy
Antonymy
Hyponymy
Polysemy
Homonymy
ÈÓ Ðæáí ÕÍ..¿! :(
æÖíÝí ãÚÇåã homography ÊÑÇ ãåãå æÈíÌí ÚáíåÇ ÓÄÇá
ÍíÇÊí ÇãæÇÌ
2014- 5- 7, 08:34 PM
22-The word “happiness: is a--------of the word “emotion.”a-
Superordinateb-
Subordinatec-
Co-hyponymd-
hyponym
ããßä ãÊãíÒ íÔÑÍ áí åÐÇ ÇáÓÄÇá
Another day
2014- 5- 7, 08:39 PM
22-The word “happiness: is a--------of the word “emotion.”a-
Superordinateb-
Subordinatec-
Co-hyponymd-
hyponym
ããßä ãÊãíÒ íÔÑÍ áí åÐÇ ÇáÓÄÇá
superordinate=emotion
"emotion- has the hyponyms "fear", "anger", "happiness", "sadness" …etc.
Hanin G
2014- 5- 7, 08:42 PM
æÖíÝí ãÚÇåã homography ÊÑÇ ãåãå æÈíÌí ÚáíåÇ ÓÄÇá
Homography + homophone
ÊÚÊÈÑ ãä ÇáÜ hhomonemy
Hanin G
2014- 5- 7, 08:50 PM
22-The word “happiness: is a--------of the word “emotion.”a-
Superordinateb-
Subordinatec-
Co-hyponymd-
hyponym
ããßä ãÊãíÒ íÔÑÍ áí åÐÇ ÇáÓÄÇá
ÇÚÊÈÑí Çä ÇáÜ superordinate åí ãÙáå åíäÇ ÇáãÙáå åí emotions Çáí åí ÇáãÔÇÚÑ
æÊÍÊ ÇáãÔÇÚÑ (ÇáãÙáå) ÊÌí ßáãÇÊ ãËá ÓÚÇÏå-ÍÒä-ÛÖÈ .. ÇáÎ
ÊÓãì åÇáßáãÇÊ hyponym ÝÇáÓÚÇÏå Çáí ÌÊ ÊÍÊ ãÙáå ÇáãÔÇÚÑ åí ÊÓãì : hyponym
æÔí ËÇäí : ÇáÓÚÇÏå - ÇáÍÒä - ÇáÛÖÈ ..ÇáÎ ÈÇáäÓÈå áÈÚÖåã ÇáÈÚÖ äÓãíåã co-hyponymd ., ÇáÜ co ÈÇáÇäÌáíÒí Òí Òãíá
ÝÇáãÇÔÚÑ åí ÒãáÇÁ ÈÚÖ áÇäåã ÊÍÊ äÝÓ ÇáãÙáå Çáí åí ÇáãÔÇÚÑ Çáí äÓãíåÇ superordinate
æÔßÑÇ .. :53:
άήįήל
2014- 5- 7, 08:51 PM
æÔ ÇáãÊßÇÝÆÉ ..¿! Çí ãÍÇÖÑå ..¿!
ãÍÇÖÑå ÓÊå
ÇáÙÇåÑ Çä Çáßá ãËáí ãæ ÝÇãåÇ
:000:
Hanin G
2014- 5- 7, 08:53 PM
^^
æÔ ÇÓãåÇ ÈÇáÇäÌáíÒí ..¿! :/
Another day
2014- 5- 7, 08:56 PM
Homography + homophone
ÊÚÊÈÑ ãä ÇáÜ hhomonemy
ÇÍÓäÊí
Homography<<<writing
Homophone<<<speech
Another day
2014- 5- 7, 08:58 PM
^^
æÔ ÇÓãåÇ ÈÇáÇäÌáíÒí ..¿! :/
Çááí ÇäÊí ÔÑÍÊíåÇ co-hyponyms
-ßÈÑíÇÁ-
2014- 5- 7, 09:00 PM
ÇÚÊÈÑí Çä ÇáÜ superordinate åí ãÙáå åíäÇ ÇáãÙáå åí emotions Çáí åí ÇáãÔÇÚÑ
æÊÍÊ ÇáãÔÇÚÑ (ÇáãÙáå) ÊÌí ßáãÇÊ ãËá ÓÚÇÏå-ÍÒä-ÛÖÈ .. ÇáÎ
ÊÓãì åÇáßáãÇÊ hyponym ÝÇáÓÚÇÏå Çáí ÌÊ ÊÍÊ ãÙáå ÇáãÔÇÚÑ åí ÊÓãì : hyponym
æÔí ËÇäí : ÇáÓÚÇÏå - ÇáÍÒä - ÇáÛÖÈ ..ÇáÎ ÈÇáäÓÈå áÈÚÖåã ÇáÈÚÖ äÓãíåã co-hyponymd ., ÇáÜ co ÈÇáÇäÌáíÒí Òí Òãíá
ÝÇáãÇÔÚÑ åí ÒãáÇÁ ÈÚÖ áÇäåã ÊÍÊ äÝÓ ÇáãÙáå Çáí åí ÇáãÔÇÚÑ Çáí äÓãíåÇ superordinate
æÔßÑÇ .. :53:
:(204): ÔÑÍ ÑÇÇÆÚ :icon19:
ÇáæÍíÔí 33
2014- 5- 7, 09:06 PM
waht about unviristy id
ÇÍÈ ÇáÇäÌáíÒí
2014- 5- 7, 09:06 PM
above" and "below" is an example of:
a. Gradable antonyms
b. Converses
c. binary antonymy (complementarity).
æÔ ÇáÇÌÇÈå áÎÈØÊ
Another day
2014- 5- 7, 09:09 PM
above" and "below" is an example of:
a. Gradable antonyms
b. Converses
c. binary antonymy (complementarity).
æÔ ÇáÇÌÇÈå áÎÈØÊ
B ØÈÞí ÚáíåÇ ÞÇÚÏÉ xæy
ÍíÇÊí ÇãæÇÌ
2014- 5- 7, 09:10 PM
ÇáÇÌÇÈÉ b
άήįήל
2014- 5- 7, 09:12 PM
ÇÚÊÈÑí Çä ÇáÜ superordinate åí ãÙáå åíäÇ ÇáãÙáå åí emotions Çáí åí ÇáãÔÇÚÑ
æÊÍÊ ÇáãÔÇÚÑ (ÇáãÙáå) ÊÌí ßáãÇÊ ãËá ÓÚÇÏå-ÍÒä-ÛÖÈ .. ÇáÎ
ÊÓãì åÇáßáãÇÊ hyponym ÝÇáÓÚÇÏå Çáí ÌÊ ÊÍÊ ãÙáå ÇáãÔÇÚÑ åí ÊÓãì : hyponym
æÔí ËÇäí : ÇáÓÚÇÏå - ÇáÍÒä - ÇáÛÖÈ ..ÇáÎ ÈÇáäÓÈå áÈÚÖåã ÇáÈÚÖ äÓãíåã co-hyponymd ., ÇáÜ co ÈÇáÇäÌáíÒí Òí Òãíá
ÝÇáãÇÔÚÑ åí ÒãáÇÁ ÈÚÖ áÇäåã ÊÍÊ äÝÓ ÇáãÙáå Çáí åí ÇáãÔÇÚÑ Çáí äÓãíåÇ superordinate
æÔßÑÇ .. :53:
åÐí åí ÇáãÊßÇÝÆå
íÚäí ÈãÇ Çä ÔÑÍß ããÊÇÒ
ÇÔÑÍí ßíÝ ÇÝÑÞ ÈíäåÇ æÈíä ÎæíÊåÇ ÇáÇÍÞå immediate hyponym
ÝÏíÊæäí
2014- 5- 7, 09:16 PM
ÇäÇ ÇáÍíä ÇÚÊãÏÊ Ú ÇáÚÔÑíä ÓÄÇá
æÇÓÆáÉ ÇáÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÍÞíä ÇáÓãÓÊÑ ÇáÇæá
æÇáÊÚÇÑíÝ
ÕÍ ßÐÇ æáÇ äÞÕÊ Ôí ..¿!
ÇáãÍÊæì æÞÝ ÚÞáí ãäå ãÇÞÏÑÊ:(
ÝÏíÊæäí
2014- 5- 7, 09:31 PM
ÇÍÍÏ íÑÏ ÞÈá íØæÝ ÇáæÞÊ
princess tota
2014- 5- 7, 09:31 PM
ÈÌÏ ãÔßæÑÉ ÇÎÊí Lovely ãÇ ÞÕÑÊæ
íÇ ÌãÇÇÚå ÇäÇ ÐÇßÑÇÊ ÇÓÆáå ÇÎÑ ßá ãÍÇÖÑå ÍÞ ÇáÇÎ ÇÈæ ÈßÑ ãä ÇáãÍÊæí ÇáãÊÑÌã ÇáãáÎÕ
åÐÇ íßÝí æáÇ ÇÐßÑ ÇáãÍÊæí ßãÇä
ãáÂßí
2014- 5- 7, 09:42 PM
( Çááåã íÇ ãÚáã ÅÈÑÇåíã Úáãäí )
(æ ÈÓã Çááå æáÇ Íæá æáÇ ÞæÉ ÇáÇ ÈÇááå)
ÑÇÍ ÇÈÏÇÁ ÈÇáæÇÌÈÇÊ Ëã ÇáÚÔÑíä ÓÄÇá Ëã ÇáÊÚÑíÝÇÊ æÇáãÍÇÖÑÊíä 9æ14
æÊÕÝÍ ÇÓÆáÉ ÇáÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ æÇÎÑ ÔíÁ ÇáãÍÊæì
æÇááå íÓåá ÚáíäÇ :004:
Hanin G
2014- 5- 7, 09:50 PM
åÐí åí ÇáãÊßÇÝÆå
íÚäí ÈãÇ Çä ÔÑÍß ããÊÇÒ
ÇÔÑÍí ßíÝ ÇÝÑÞ ÈíäåÇ æÈíä ÎæíÊåÇ ÇáÇÍÞå immediate hyponym
Immediate hyponym åí Çáí ÊÌí Úáì Øæá ÊÍÊ ãÙáÉ ÇáÜ superordinate ..
Òí
planet (äÈÊå) < Çáí åí superordinate
|
|
Flower (æÑÏå) < ÌÊ Úáì Øæá ÈÚÏ ÇáÜ planet Ýåí immediate hypnym
Planet ÌÊ ßãÙáÉ ááÜ flower
ÈÓ áæ äÞæá:
Planet
|
|
Flower
|
|
Rose
Planet ãÙáå áÜ flower
æ Flower ãÙáå áÜ rose
ÚáÇÞå ÇáÜ planet ÈÇáÜ rose åí hyponym ÝÞØ ãÄ immediate áÃäåÇ ãÇÌÊ ÊÍÊåÇ ãÈÇÔÑå ..
ÇáÑæÒ äæÚ ãä ÇäæÇÚ ÇáæÑÏ æÇáæÑÏ äæÚ ãä ÇäæÇÚ ÇáäÈÇÊ ..
ÇáÜ rose ÊÚÊÈÑ ßÜ immediate hyponym ááÜ flower
æÔßÑÇ .. :(269):
w.al-Rashed
2014- 5- 7, 09:55 PM
ãÂÚÑÝÊ ÇÝÑÞ Èíä ÇäæÇÚ ÇáßæáßÔä !¿
ããßä ÔÑÍ ÈÓíØ áåÜ áÂåäÊÜæÂÂ
Types of Collocational Restrictions are
based on the meaning
based on range
based on neither meaning nor range
áíä 24
2014- 5- 7, 10:01 PM
ãæææÝÞíÜÜä ÌãíÚÜÜÂ
ÇÍÈ ÇáÇäÌáíÒí
2014- 5- 7, 10:10 PM
1. Antonymy is the relationship between two words that have:
a. the same reference.
b. opposite references.
c. the same sense.
d. opposite senses.
2. The meaning of a word is included in another word, in the case of:
a. hyponymy
b. polysemy
c. homography
d. homophony
3. Homonyms spelled the same but pronounced differently are a case of:
a. hyponymy
b. polysemy
c. homography
d. homophony
4. Homonyms spelled differently but pronounced the same way are a case of:
a. hyponymy
b. polysemy
c. homography
d. homophony
5. The same word has several very closely related meanings, in the case of:
a. hyponymy
b. polysemy
c. homography
d. homophony
6. Which of the following is NOT true about hyponymy?
a. The upper term is called the hyponym and the lower term is the superordinate.
b. If a superordinate term has more than one hyponym, we call them co-hyponyms.
c. A hyponym can be a superordinate of another term included in its meaning.
d. There is not always a superordinate term for hyponyms in a language.
Úáã ÇáãÚÈäí æÇáÈÑÇÌãÈÊíß ÇáÝÕá ÇÃáæá 3313 – 3311 åÜ ÃÓÆáÉ ÇáãÑÇÌÚÉ
7. If X is a hyponym of Y and Y is a hyponym of X, then X and Y are
synonymous. This special case is called:
a. symmetrical hyponymy
b. symmetrical synonymy
c. symmetrical polysemy
d. symmetrical homonymy
8. Choose the correct components for the word “bull”:
a. (ovine), (female), (adult)
b. (human), (non-adult)
c. (bovine), (male), (adult)
d. (human), (adult)
9. Choose the correct components for the word “child”:
a. (ovine), (female), (adult)
b. (human), (non-adult)
c. (bovine), (male), (adult)
d. (human), (adult)
10. The components of the following pairs are not related to physical features:
a. “come/go” and “bring/take”
b. “tar” and “porridge”
c. “man/woman/child” and “ram/ewe/lamb”
d. “man/woman/child” and “bull /cow/calf”
11. Through which componential analysis can we rule out “*pregnant man”?
a. man is (+male) and pregnant is (±male)
b. man is (+male) and pregnant is (-male)
c. man is (-male) and pregnant is (-male)
d. man is (-male) and pregnant is (±male)
12. Componential analysis does not handle the following sense relation well:
a. synonymy
b. polysemy
c. homonymy
d. hyponymy
Úáã ÇáãÚÈäí æÇáÈÑÇÌãÈÊíß ÇáÝÕá ÇÃáæá 3313 – 3311 åÜ ÃÓÆáÉ ÇáãÑÇÌÚÉ
13. Why can’t we describe an animal as a lion and a rabbit at the same time?
a. Because “lion” and “rabbit” are not members of the same semantic field.
b. Because “lion” and “rabbit” are mixtures.
c. Because “lion” and “rabbit” are incompatible terms.
d. Because “lion” and “rabbit” are ordered terms.
14. What do we call words like “orange-red” and “red-green”?
a. ordered items
b. blurred items
c. semantic fields
d. mixtures
15. The numerals one, two, three, etc., are an example of:
a. ordered items
b. blurred items
c. collocation
d. mixtures
16. The collocational restriction on “The rhododendron passed away,” is
explained by:
a. meaning
b. range
c. both meaning and range
d. neither meaning nor range
17. The collocational restriction on “green cow” is explained by:
a. meaning
b. range
c. both meaning and range
d. neither meaning nor range
18. The collocational restriction on “blond door” is explained by:
a. meaning
b. range
c. both meaning and range
d. neither meaning nor range
Úáã ÇáãÚÈäí æÇáÈÑÇÌãÈÊíß ÇáÝÕá ÇÃáæá 3313 – 3311 åÜ ÃÓÆáÉ ÇáãÑÇÌÚÉ
19. Which of the following is true about collocation?
a. Collocation can be seen as part of the meaning of a word.
b. Collocation is an example of paradigmatic relations.
c. Collocation can always be predicted from the meaning of the associated words.
d. Collocation can never be predicted from the meaning of associated words.
20. Synonymy is the relationship between two words that have:
a. the same reference.
b. opposite references.
c. the same sense.
d. opposite senses.
íÇáíÊ ÇÍÏ íÍáå ÈÓ íßæä ãÊÇßÏ
Mnmoni
2014- 5- 7, 10:11 PM
åáÇÇ Ýíßã ãä ÒãÇÇä Úäßã
ÌíÊ ãÊÃÎÑå æÓßÑÇäå ãÚ ÇáãÇÏå ÈÓ ÇáÍãÏ Çááå ÇäÎÊãÊ æÊÑÇÌÚÊ Ôæí
æÈßÑÇ ÇáÇÓÓÓÆáå
Çáãåã äÒáÊ Çá 20 ÓÄÇá æßã ÓÄÇá áÇ ÇÚáã ÇÐÇ ÍÏ äÒáåÇ æáÇ áÇ æÊßÑÇÑ íÚáã ÇáÔØÇÑ
æÔßÑÇ :s_45:
ÍíÇÊí ÇãæÇÌ
2014- 5- 7, 10:20 PM
1. Antonymy is the relationship between two words that have:
A. The same reference.
B. Opposite references.
C. The same sense.
D. Opposite senses.
2. The meaning of a word is included in another word, in the case of:
A. Hyponymy
b. Polysemy
c. Homography
d. Homophony
3. Homonyms spelled the same but pronounced differently are a case of:
A. Hyponymy
b. Polysemy
c. homography
d. Homophony
4. Homonyms spelled differently but pronounced the same way are a case of:
A. Hyponymy
b. Polysemy
c. Homography
d. Homophony
5. The same word has several very closely related meanings, in the case of:
A. Hyponymy
b. Polysemy
c. Homography
d. Homophony
6. Which of the following is not true about hyponymy?
a. The upper term is called the hyponym and the lower term is the superordinate.
b. If a superordinate term has more than one hyponym, we call them co-hyponyms.
C. A hyponym can be a superordinate of another term included in its meaning.
D. There is not always a superordinate term for hyponyms in a language.
Úáã ÇáãÚÈäí æÇáÈÑÇÌãÈÊíß ÇáÝÕá ÇÃáæá 3313 – 3311 åÜ ÃÓÆáÉ ÇáãÑÇÌÚÉ
7. If x is a hyponym of y and y is a hyponym of x, then x and y are
synonymous. This special case is called:
A. Symmetrical hyponymy
b. Symmetrical synonymy
c. Symmetrical polysemy
d. Symmetrical homonymy
8. Choose the correct components for the word “bull”:
A. (ovine), (female), (adult)
b. (human), (non-adult)
c. (bovine), (male), (adult)
d. (human), (adult)
9. Choose the correct components for the word “child”:
A. (ovine), (female), (adult)
b. (human), (non-adult)
c. (bovine), (male), (adult)
d. (human), (adult)
10. The components of the following pairs are not related to physical features:
a. “come/go” and “bring/take”
b. “tar” and “porridge”
c. “man/woman/child” and “ram/ewe/lamb”
d. “man/woman/child” and “bull /cow/calf”
11. Through which componential analysis can we rule out “*pregnant man”?
A. Man is (+male) and pregnant is (±male)
b. Man is (+male) and pregnant is (-male)
c. Man is (-male) and pregnant is (-male)
d. Man is (-male) and pregnant is (±male)
12. Componential analysis does not handle the following sense relation well:
A. Synonymy
b. Polysemy
c. Homonymy
d. Hyponymy
Úáã ÇáãÚÈäí æÇáÈÑÇÌãÈÊíß ÇáÝÕá ÇÃáæá 3313 – 3311 åÜ ÃÓÆáÉ ÇáãÑÇÌÚÉ
13. Why can’t we describe an animal as a lion and a rabbit at the same time?
A. Because “lion” and “rabbit” are not members of the same semantic field.
B. Because “lion” and “rabbit” are mixtures.
c. Because “lion” and “rabbit” are incompatible terms.
d. Because “lion” and “rabbit” are ordered terms.
14. What do we call words like “orange-red” and “red-green”?
A. Ordered items
b. Blurred items
c. Semantic fields
d. mixtures
15. The numerals one, two, three, etc., are an example of:
a. Ordered items
b. Blurred items
c. Collocation
d. Mixtures
16. The collocational restriction on “the rhododendron passed away,” is
explained by:
A. Meaning
b. Range
c. Both meaning and range
d. Neither meaning nor range
17. The collocational restriction on “green cow” is explained by:
a. Meaning
b. Range
c. Both meaning and range
d. Neither meaning nor range
18. The collocational restriction on “blond door” is explained by:
A. Meaning
b. Range
c. Both meaning and range
d. Neither meaning nor range
Úáã ÇáãÚÈäí æÇáÈÑÇÌãÈÊíß ÇáÝÕá ÇÃáæá 3313 – 3311 åÜ ÃÓÆáÉ ÇáãÑÇÌÚÉ
19. Which of the following is true about collocation?
a. Collocation can be seen as part of the meaning of a word.
b. Collocation is an example of paradigmatic relations.
C. Collocation can always be predicted from the meaning of the associated words.
D. Collocation can never be predicted from the meaning of associated words.
20. Synonymy is the relationship between two words that have:
A. The same reference.
B. Opposite references.
c. The same sense.
d. Opposite senses.
íÇáíÊ ÇÍÏ íÍáå ÈÓ íßæä ãÊÇßÏ
ÇÊãäì ÇÐÇ Ýí ÛáØ ÊäÈåæäí:(204)::004:
ÇÍÈ ÇáÇäÌáíÒí
2014- 5- 7, 10:28 PM
ãæäí æÍíÇÊí ÇãæÇÌ
æßá ÇáØáÇÈ ÈÌÏÏÏÏÏÏ ã áÞíÊ ãÊÚÇæäíä Òíßã
ãæÌÉ æÝÇ
2014- 5- 7, 10:36 PM
ÍíÇÊí ÇãæÇÌ äÝÓ Íáí æÇä ÔÇÁ Çááå ÕÍ
*ÈÑÞ*
2014- 5- 7, 10:38 PM
ÕÑÇÇÇÇÍÉ ÇáãÇÏÉ ÝáÓÝíÉ Ôæí...
æãä ÓæÁ ÍÙäÇ ØÍäÇ ÈåÇáÏß澄 Çááí íÞÑà ÚáíäÇ ÇáãÍÊæì æíÓÌá ÎÑæÌå!!!!
Çááå íÓåá ÚáíäÇ íÇÑÈ
ÇÊãäì ÇÐÇ Ýí ÛáØ ÊäÈåæäí:(204)::004:
ãÔÇÁ Çááå ÅÌÇÈÇÊß ÕÍíÍå :icon1:
Musa3ad
2014- 5- 7, 10:55 PM
2. Classify the utterance: ‘I order you to go.’
a. constative
b. explicit performative
c. implicit performative
d. neither constative nor performative
Ýíä ÇáÓÄÇá ¿ :biggrin:
#
íÇáíÊ ÇáÌæÇÈ ãÚ ÇáÔÑÍ Çááå íÚÇÝíßã
2. Classify the utterance: ‘I order you to go.’
a. constative
b. explicit performative
c. implicit performative
d. neither constative nor performative
Ýíä ÇáÓÄÇá ¿ :biggrin:
#
íÇáíÊ ÇáÌæÇÈ ãÚ ÇáÔÑÍ Çááå íÚÇÝíßã
explicit performative
Hanin G
2014- 5- 7, 11:16 PM
Gucci
Ãí ãÍÇÖÑå åÐí .. :/
Hanin G
2014- 5- 7, 11:20 PM
1. Converses (relational opposites) in antonymy
It is difficult to reduce the relational opposites to components. For the relation of “parent/child” cannot simply be handled by assigning components to each, unless those
ÇíÓ ßáÇã ..¿! :/
ãæÌÉ æÝÇ
2014- 5- 7, 11:24 PM
One of the three different types of antonymy is the Gradable antonyms. This happens when two words are at opposite ends of a continuous scale of values. An example of this is:
a. "parent" and "child"
b. "dead" and "alive"
c. "hot" and "cold"
d. All false
άήįήל
2014- 5- 7, 11:34 PM
immediate hyponym åí Çáí ÊÌí Úáì Øæá ÊÍÊ ãÙáÉ ÇáÜ superordinate ..
Òí
planet (äÈÊå) < Çáí åí superordinate
|
|
flower (æÑÏå) < ÌÊ Úáì Øæá ÈÚÏ ÇáÜ planet Ýåí immediate hypnym
planet ÌÊ ßãÙáÉ ááÜ flower
ÈÓ áæ äÞæá:
Planet
|
|
flower
|
|
rose
planet ãÙáå áÜ flower
æ flower ãÙáå áÜ rose
ÚáÇÞå ÇáÜ planet ÈÇáÜ rose åí hyponym ÝÞØ ãÄ immediate áÃäåÇ ãÇÌÊ ÊÍÊåÇ ãÈÇÔÑå ..
ÇáÑæÒ äæÚ ãä ÇäæÇÚ ÇáæÑÏ æÇáæÑÏ äæÚ ãä ÇäæÇÚ ÇáäÈÇÊ ..
ÇáÜ rose ÊÚÊÈÑ ßÜ immediate hyponym ááÜ flower
æÔßÑÇ .. :(269):
áÈì ÇááÈÇÇíÈ í ÚÑÈ
ÔÑÑÍß Ìãíá æÇÔßÑß ÍÈíÈÊí
ÑÈí íÓÚÏß
a.q.k
2014- 5- 7, 11:35 PM
1. Converses (relational opposites) in antonymy
It is difficult to reduce the relational opposites to components. For the relation of “parent/child” cannot simply be handled by assigning components to each, unless those
ÇíÓ ßáÇã ..¿! :/
åÐÇ ØÇá ÚãÑß íÞæá áß Úä äæÚ ÇáÚáÇÞÉ Çááí åíäÇ Èíä ÇáÇÈ æÇáÇÈä ãÊÖÇÏíä íÚäí ÒÈÏÉ ÇáÍßí
ÇÞÏÑ ÇÞæá áß ÓáØÇä æáÏ ÇÍãÏ æÇÍãÏ ÇÈæ ÓáØÇä ÇÚßÓåã ÈÓ ãÇ íÊÛíÑ ÚäÏí Ôí íÈÞæä ÇÈ ææáÏ ÚÓì Çááå íÍÝÙåã :lllolll:
íÚäí íßãáæä ÈÚÖ ÍÊì áæ ÌÈäÇ ØÇÑí ÇáÇÈæ ÞÈá ÇáæáÏ æäÝÓ ÇáÔí ãÚ ÇáÏÎÊæÑ:5aga: æÇáãÑíÖ ÎÇáÏ ÊÚÇáÌ ÚäÏ ÇáÏß澄 ÝåÏ ÇáÏß澄 ÝÏ ÚÇáÌ ÎÇáÏ Óíã Óíã ßáÇã ÈÓ ÏäíÇ ãÞáæÈ :(204):
nouf.7
2014- 5- 7, 11:35 PM
ÕÑÇÇÇÇÍÉ ÇáãÇÏÉ ÝáÓÝíÉ Ôæí...
æãä ÓæÁ ÍÙäÇ ØÍäÇ ÈåÇáÏß澄 Çááí íÞÑà ÚáíäÇ ÇáãÍÊæì æíÓÌá ÎÑæÌå!!!!
Çááå íÓåá ÚáíäÇ íÇÑÈ
+1
åÐí ãÇÏÉ äÍæíå áÇÒã áåÇ ÔÑÍ ÇäÇ ÊÇÈÚÊ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÊíä ÇáÇæáì æÞÝáÊåÇ ÇáÏß澄 íÞÑà ÈÓ ! :sm1:
æÔ íÖÑ áæ ÇáÏß澄 ÚÈÏÇááå ÇáãáÍã ÏÑÓäÇ åÇáãÇÏÉ ! Çááå íÓÚÚÏå ãÇÇÌãá ÔÑÍå:verycute:
ãÇÚáíäÇ:mad:
ãÊÇÈÚå áßã ãÏÑí ÈäÇã äÚÓÊ Çááå íÓåáåÇ ÈÓ :24_asmilies-com:
+
Íäíä ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÎÇãÓåAntonymy ÇáäæÚ ÇáËÇäí Converses :smile:
a.q.k
2014- 5- 7, 11:37 PM
One of the three different types of antonymy is the Gradable antonyms. This happens when two words are at opposite ends of a continuous scale of values. An example of this is:
a. "parent" and "child"
b. "dead" and "alive"
c. "hot" and "cold"
d. All false
åÇÐí ÝåãÊåÇ Ú ÇÓÇÓ Çí Ôí äÍØ ÞÈáÉ very very æÊÖíØ äÚÊÈÑåÇ gradable
ãËá ßáãÉ married ãÇäÞÏÑ äÍØ ÞÈáåÇ very ÊØáÚ ÇáßáãÉ ãÇáåÇ ãÚäì ææÎØÇ :119:
ÅäÌáíÒíÉ
2014- 5- 8, 12:03 AM
11. Through which componential analysis can we rule out “*pregnant man”?
a. man is (+male) and pregnant is (±male)
b. man is (+male) and pregnant is (-male)
c. man is (-male) and pregnant is (-male)
d. man is (-male) and pregnant is (±male
åÐÇ ÇáÓÄÇá ãæÌæÏ ÈÃÓÆáÉ ÇáãÑÇÌÚÉ æÑÌÚÊ ááãÍÊæì æÇáÔÑÍ æÍÇæáÊ ÃÝåãå æÚÌÒÊ ááÂä..
ãÇÚÑÝÊ æÔáæä ÃÓÊÎÏã Çá minus æÇá plus :sm1:
ÇáÌæÇÈ ÇáÕÍíÍ b
:sm12:
ÊÎØíÊ ÇáÓÍÇÈ
2014- 5- 8, 12:09 AM
Çááå íæÝÞäÇ æÇíÇßã
äÈí äÔæÝ ÇäØÈÇÚÇÊß ÇáÊÑã ÇáãÇÖí
æÔ ÞÇáæÇ Úä ÇáÇÎÈÇÑ ¿ ßíÝ æÖÚ ÇáÏß澄 ãä äÇÍíÉ ÇáÇÓÆáÉ
ãÈÇÔÑÉ Çã áÝ æÏæÇä¿\
Another day
2014- 5- 8, 12:16 AM
11. Through which componential analysis can we rule out “*pregnant man”?
a. man is (+male) and pregnant is (±male)
b. man is (+male) and pregnant is (-male)
c. man is (-male) and pregnant is (-male)
d. man is (-male) and pregnant is (±male
åÐÇ ÇáÓÄÇá ãæÌæÏ ÈÃÓÆáÉ ÇáãÑÇÌÚÉ æÑÌÚÊ ááãÍÊæì æÇáÔÑÍ æÍÇæáÊ ÃÝåãå æÚÌÒÊ ááÂä..
ãÇÚÑÝÊ æÔáæä ÃÓÊÎÏã Çá minus æÇá plus :sm1:
ÇáÌæÇÈ ÇáÕÍíÍ b
:sm12:
åÐÇ ÑÏí áæÍÏå ãä ÇáÇÎæÇÊ áäÝÓ ÇáÓÄÇá
ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
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ÊÎØíÊ ÇáÓÍÇÈ
2014- 5- 8, 12:17 AM
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/t532852.html
åÐÇ ÇäØÈÇÚ ÇáÊÑã ÇáãÇÖí áãÇÏÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊß
æÔæ Çä ÇäØÈÇÚåã íÈÔÑ ÈÇáÎíÑ Çä ÔÇÁ Çááå
Another day
2014- 5- 8, 12:20 AM
Çááå íæÝÞäÇ æÇíÇßã
äÈí äÔæÝ ÇäØÈÇÚÇÊß ÇáÊÑã ÇáãÇÖí
æÔ ÞÇáæÇ Úä ÇáÇÎÈÇÑ ¿ ßíÝ æÖÚ ÇáÏß澄 ãä äÇÍíÉ ÇáÇÓÆáÉ
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íÚäí ÇÓÆáÊå ãä Èíä ÇáÓØæÑ
ÅäÌáíÒíÉ
2014- 5- 8, 12:24 AM
Another day
íÓÚÏß ÑÈí íÇÚÓÓá
ãæßÇáÇÊíå
2014- 5- 8, 12:37 AM
Exercise 3: Homonymy and Polysemy
Decide whether the following words are examples of homonymy (H) or polysemy (p).
1.
bark
(of a dog vs. of a tree )
H
/
p
homonymy
2.
fork
( in a road vs. instrument for eating )
H
/
p
polysemy
3.
tail
( of a coat vs. of an animal )
H
/
p
polysemy
4.
steer
( to guide vs. young bull )
H
/
p
homonymy
5.
lip
( of a jug vs. of a person )
H
/
p
polysemy
Answers:
1. H, not obviously related to each other in any way.
2. P, the two senses are related by the concept of branching out into different parts or pahs.
3. P, the two senses have the concept of being located at the end of something.
4. H, not obviously related to each other in any way.
5. P, the two senses have the concept of being at the edge of an hollow opening.
ãæßÇáÇÊíå
2014- 5- 8, 12:37 AM
ããßä ÇÍÏÉ íÔÑÍ áí ÇáÊãÑíä åÐÇ
ÍíÇÊí ÇãæÇÌ
2014- 5- 8, 12:41 AM
ÊÕÈÍæä Úáì äÔÇØ æåãå
ÇÔæÝßã ÛÏÇ
FAHADHM
2014- 5- 8, 12:45 AM
ããßä Íá ÊãÇÑíä ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ 9+14
æÊäÒáæäåÇ Úáì ãáÝ pdf
soma985
2014- 5- 8, 01:00 AM
Çíå íÇÑíÊ ÇÍÏ íÊÝÖá æíäÒáåã Çááå íÌÒíßã ÇáÎíÑ æíÓÚÏßã ÏäíÇ æÇÎÑå
FAHADHM
2014- 5- 8, 01:12 AM
Ýíå ÓÄÇá ÌÏÇ ãåã
ÇáÍíä homonymy æpolysemy
homonymy ãÚäÇåÇ ÇáãÔÊÑß ÇááÝÙí íÚäí ãËá bank ÊÌí ãÚäÇåÇ Èäß æÊÌí ãÚäÇåÇ ÇáÌåÉ ÇáÇÎÑì ÇÐÇ ßÇäÊ Ýí ÓíÇÞ ÇáÌãáÉ
Çá polysemy ãÚäÇåÇ ãÚÇäí ãÊÚÏÏÉ ãËá earth íÌí ãÚäÇåÇ ÇÑÖ æíÌí ãÚäÇåÇ ßæßÈ
áßä ÇáÓÄÇá åäÇ
áãÇ íÚØíäÇ ãËÇá æíÞæá åá åÐí homonymy Çã polysemy ¿
ÇäÇ åäÇ ßíÝ ÇÚÑÝ ÇáÌæÇÈ
ÈÚØíßã ÇãËáÉ æÇÈí ÍáåÇ ÈÇáÔÑÍ ÚÔÇä ÇÝåã
bark (of adog vs. of tree) æÔ ÇáÌæÇÈ h æáÇ p íÇáíÊ ÊÔÑÍæä åÐÇ ÇáãËÇá ØÈÚÇ ÇáãËÇá æÇáÇãËáÉ ãæÌæÏÉ Ýí ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÊÇÓÚÉ Çááí åí ÇáãÑÇÌÚÉ
Çã ÇáäÔÇãÇ
2014- 5- 8, 01:23 AM
ÇáÝÑÞ ÈÓíØ ÈÇáãÑÉ
ÇáÍíä homonymy ãÇÝí Çí ÚáÇÞÉ Èíä áÝÙÊíä ÇáÈäß ßá æÍÏå áåÇ ãÚäì ãÎÊáÝ Úä ÇáËÇäí
Èäß Çááí åæ ÇáãÕÑÝ
æÈäß Çááí åæ ÍÇÝÉ ÇáäåÑ
æ
polysemy
åäÇ Ýíå ÚáÇÞÉ Èíä ÇáßáãÊíä ÇÑÖ Çááí åí ßæßÈ ÇáÇÑÖ
æÇÑÖ ÇáãÞÕæÏ ÈåÇ ÇáÊÑÇÈ
bark (of adog vs. of tree
åäÇ ßáãÉ barkáåÇ ãÚäííä
ÇáÇæá äÈÇÍ ÇáßáÈ ÇÚÒßã Çááå
æÇáËÇäí áÍÇÁ ÇáÔÌÑ
æáæ áÇÍÙäÇ ãÇÈíäåã Çí ÚáÇÞÉ áÐáß åã homonymy
FAHADHM
2014- 5- 8, 01:43 AM
ÇáÝÑÞ ÈÓíØ ÈÇáãÑÉ
ÇáÍíä homonymy ãÇÝí Çí ÚáÇÞÉ Èíä áÝÙÊíä ÇáÈäß ßá æÍÏå áåÇ ãÚäì ãÎÊáÝ Úä ÇáËÇäí
Èäß Çááí åæ ÇáãÕÑÝ
æÈäß Çááí åæ ÍÇÝÉ ÇáäåÑ
æ
polysemy
åäÇ Ýíå ÚáÇÞÉ Èíä ÇáßáãÊíä ÇÑÖ Çááí åí ßæßÈ ÇáÇÑÖ
æÇÑÖ ÇáãÞÕæÏ ÈåÇ ÇáÊÑÇÈ
bark (of adog vs. Of tree
åäÇ ßáãÉ barkáåÇ ãÚäííä
ÇáÇæá äÈÇÍ ÇáßáÈ ÇÚÒßã Çááå
æÇáËÇäí áÍÇÁ ÇáÔÌÑ
æáæ áÇÍÙäÇ ãÇÈíäåã Çí ÚáÇÞÉ áÐáß åã homonymy
íÇáíÊ ÊæÖÍíä ÇßËÑ ãÚ ÇÚØÇÁ ÇãËáå ÇßËÑ ÚÔÇä äÓÊæÚÈ
ãæßÇáÇÊíå
2014- 5- 8, 01:44 AM
ÇáÝÑÞ ÈÓíØ ÈÇáãÑÉ
ÇáÍíä homonymy ãÇÝí Çí ÚáÇÞÉ Èíä áÝÙÊíä ÇáÈäß ßá æÍÏå áåÇ ãÚäì ãÎÊáÝ Úä ÇáËÇäí
Èäß Çááí åæ ÇáãÕÑÝ
æÈäß Çááí åæ ÍÇÝÉ ÇáäåÑ
æ
polysemy
åäÇ Ýíå ÚáÇÞÉ Èíä ÇáßáãÊíä ÇÑÖ Çááí åí ßæßÈ ÇáÇÑÖ
æÇÑÖ ÇáãÞÕæÏ ÈåÇ ÇáÊÑÇÈ
bark (of adog vs. Of tree
åäÇ ßáãÉ barkáåÇ ãÚäííä
ÇáÇæá äÈÇÍ ÇáßáÈ ÇÚÒßã Çááå
æÇáËÇäí áÍÇÁ ÇáÔÌÑ
æáæ áÇÍÙäÇ ãÇÈíäåã Çí ÚáÇÞÉ áÐáß åã homonymy
Çááå íÚØíß ÇáÚÇÝíå ÇäÇ äÒáÊå ÇáÊãÇÑíä ÈÇáÑÏ Çááí ÞÈáå íÇáíÊ Êßãáíä ÔÑÍåÇ Çááå íæÝÞß æíÓ0åá ÇáÇãÊÍÇä íÇÇÑÈ
Judge
2014- 5- 8, 01:45 AM
ããßßä ÇÓÆáå ÚÇã 1435
FAHADHM
2014- 5- 8, 01:45 AM
áæ ÓãÍ澂 Çááí íÞÏÑ íÔÑÍ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ 10+11+13 ÈæÖæÍ ÊßÝæä ÈæÖæÍ
ÇÈí æÇÍÏ íÔÑÍåÇ ÈÇÓáæÈ Óåá
ÚÔÇä ßíÝ íÝÑÞ Èíäåã
ÊßÝæä Çááå íÚØíßã ÇáÚÇÝíå
Judge
2014- 5- 8, 01:48 AM
ÇÓÆáå ÚÇã 1435 ÈáíÒ ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáÇæá
ÏãæÚ ãÈÍæÍÉ
2014- 5- 8, 01:51 AM
1. “A sense relation where the meaning of a word is the opposite of another word.”
a. synonymy c. antonymy
b. polysemy d. hyponymy
2. “Hyponymy” is a sense relation where:
a. the meaning of a word is the opposite of another word.
b. the meaning of a word is the same as another word
c. the meaning of a word is included in another word
d. the meaning of a word is not related to another word
1. Which of the following pairs are binary antonyms?
a. meat – cheese c. married – unmarried
b. silver – gold d. love – hate
2. Classify the utterance: ‘I order you to go.’
a. constative
b. explicit performative
c. implicit performative
d. neither constative nor performative
Which of the following is true about hyponymy?
a. The upper term is called the hyponym.
b. The lower term is called the superordinate.
c. A hyponym can never be a superordinate of another term.
d. There is not always a superordinate term for hyponyms in a language.
ØÈÚÇ åÐí ÇáÌÒÁ ÇáÇÎíÑ ãä ÇÓÆáÉ 14
ÚØæäÇ ÇáÍá
ãæßÇáÇÊíå
2014- 5- 8, 01:51 AM
Ýí åÐÇ ÇáãáÝ ÔÑÍ ááÇÎÊ áæÝáí ÑÇÍ ÊÓÊÝíÏ ãäå Çä ÔÇÁÇááå æÈÇáÇÖÇÝå Çáì ÔÑÍ ÃÈæ ÈßÑ
Judge
2014- 5- 8, 02:12 AM
ÚÇã 1435
ããßä Úáì ãáÝ æÑÏ æÇ ÛíÑ
Judge
2014- 5- 8, 02:13 AM
ÇÖÇÝå
ãæßÇáÇÊíå
2014- 5- 8, 02:14 AM
1. “a sense relation where the meaning of a word is the opposite of another word.”
a. Synonymy c. antonymy
b. polysemy d. Hyponymy
2. “hyponymy” is a sense relation where:
a. The meaning of a word is the opposite of another word.
b. The meaning of a word is the same as another word
c. The meaning of a word is included in another word
d. The meaning of a word is not related to another word
1. Which of the following pairs are binary antonyms?
a. Meat – cheese c. married – unmarried
b. Silver – gold d. Love – hate
2. Classify the utterance: ‘i order you to go.’
a. constative
b. Explicit performative
c. Implicit performative
d. Neither constative nor performative
which of the following is true about hyponymy?
a. The upper term is called the hyponym.
b. The lower term is called the superordinate.
c. A hyponym can never be a superordinate of another term.
d. There is not always a superordinate term for hyponyms in a language.
ØÈÚÇ åÐí ÇáÌÒÁ ÇáÇÎíÑ ãä ÇÓÆáÉ 14
ÚØæäÇ ÇáÍá
Çä ÔÇÁ Çááå íßæä ÇáÍá ÕÍíÍ
Judge
2014- 5- 8, 02:14 AM
ÇÍÏ äÒáåÇ Ú ãáÝ
ÇáãÕÏÑ
Hanin G
2014- 5- 8, 02:16 AM
ÕÍ Úáíß ãæßÇáÇÊíå .. :)
Another day
2014- 5- 8, 02:39 AM
ÇÍÏ äÒáåÇ Ú ãáÝ
ÇáãÕÏÑ
ÊÝÖá
soma985
2014- 5- 8, 02:42 AM
Çáí ÚäÏå ÇÓÆáå ÇáãÍÇÖÑå 9æ14 íäÒáåÇ áæÓãÍÊæ æÌÒÇßã Çááå ÎíÑ
Another day
2014- 5- 8, 02:46 AM
íÇ áíÊ ÇÍÏ íÕÍÍ áí ÔÑÍí ááÌãáå åÐí ÇÐÇ ÛáØ
If a superordinate term has more than one hyponym, we call them co-hyponyms
The superordinate "emotion" has the hyponyms "fear", "anger", "happiness", "sadness" …etc
emotion åí superordinate æáåÇ ÇßËÑ ãä hyponyms Çááí åã "fear", "anger", "happiness", "sadness" …etc
íÚäí ßá æÍÏå ÇÓãíåÇ hyponym ÈÇáäÓÈÉ áÚáÇÞÊåÇ áá emotion
æÈÇáäÓÈÉ áßá æÍÏå æÇáËÇäíå ÇáÚáÇÞå Èíäåã ÇÓãíåÇ co-hyponym
ÕÍ æÇáÇ ÇäÇ ÛáØÇäå¿!:(107):
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