ãáÊÞì ØáÇÈ æØÇáÈÇÊ ÌÇãÚÉ Çáãáß ÝíÕá,ÌÇãÚÉ ÇáÏãÇã

ÇáÚæÏÉ   ãáÊÞì ØáÇÈ æØÇáÈÇÊ ÌÇãÚÉ Çáãáß ÝíÕá,ÌÇãÚÉ ÇáÏãÇã > .: ÓÜÇÍÜÉ ÇáÊÚáíã Úä ÈÚÏ (ÇáÇäÊÓÇÈ):. > ãáÊÞì ØáÇÈ ÇáÊÚáíã Úä ÈÚÏ ÌÇãÚÉ Çáãáß ÝíÕá > ßáíÉ ÇáÃÏÇÈ > ÇááÛÉ ÇáÃäÌáíÒíÉ > E4
ÇáÊÓÌíá ÇáßæíÒÇÊÅÖÇÝÉ ßæíÒãæÇÚíÏ ÇáÊÓÌíá ÇáÊÚáíãÜÜÜÇÊ ÇáãÌãæÚÇÊ  

E4 English Literature Students Level Four Forum

ãæÖæÚ ãÛáÞ
 
ÃÏæÇÊ ÇáãæÖæÚ
  #1  
ÞÏíã 2016- 3- 24
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ãõÊãíÒÉ ÈÇáãÓÊæì E7
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÛíÑ ØÇáÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáãæÖæÚ:
ÇáãÔÇåÏÇÊ: 6429
ÇáãÔÇÑßÜÇÊ: 40
 
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 248282
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Sun Dec 2015
ÇáÚãÑ: 35
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 1,690
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 15824
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 66
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond repute
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
Post ÇáÇÓÊãÇÚ æÇáÊÍÏË

ÇáÓáÇã Úáíßã æÑÍãÉ Çááå

ÈãÇ Çä ÇáãÇÏÉ Ôæí ãáÎÈØÉ æÔÚæÑ ßÐÇ Çä ÇÍäÇ ÖÇíÚíä

áÞíÊ åÇáãÑÇÌÚÉ áÃÈæ ÇáÍÇÑË ÌÒÇå Çááå ÎíÑ

ÍÈíÊ Çäí ÇäÞáåÇ ÍÊì äÓÊÝíÏ æÇááå æáí ÇáÊæÝíÞ


ÇáÇÎÊÈÇÑ Åä ÔÇÁ Çááå Èíßæä 50 ÓÄÇẠãÞÓãÉ ßÇáÊÇáí:
10 ÃÓÆáÉ
Comprehension Passage
###
10 ÃÓÆáÉ
Reductions
###
25 ÓÄÇá
Cloze
###
5 ÃÓÆáÉ
Vocabulary
ÇáãÌãæÚ: 50 ÓÄÇá.
ÞÏíã 2016- 3- 24   #2
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ãõÊãíÒÉ ÈÇáãÓÊæì E7
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 248282
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Sun Dec 2015
ÇáÚãÑ: 35
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 1,690
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 15824
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 66
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÛíÑ ØÇáÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ÇáÇÓÊãÇÚ æÇáÊÍÏË


Passage
Chapter 1
Undergraduate Courses in North America
ãÞÑÑÇÊ ãÇ ÞÈá ÇáÊÎÑÌ Ýí ÔãÇá ÃãÑíßÇ


Good morning, everyone.
ÕÈÇÍ ÇáÎíÑ ÌãíÚÇð.

My name is Richard Baldwin, and I am the academic advisor here at the English Language Center,
ÇÓãí ÑíÊÔÇÑÏ ÈÇáÏæíä¡ æÃäÇ ÇáãÑÔÏ ÇáÃßÇÏíãí åäÇ Ýí ãÑßÒ ÇááÛÉ ÇáÅäÌáíÒíÉ¡
If you have any questions about applying to a university,
Åä ßÇä áÏíßã ÃíÉ ÃÓÆáÉ Íæá ÇáÊÞÏíã Åáì ÇáÌÇãÚÉ
or If you need help with your application, you can come see me in my office.
Ãæ Åä ßäÊã Ýí ÍÇÌÉ áãÓÇÚÏÉ ÈãÇ íÎÕ ØáÈÇÊ ÇáÊÞÏíã¡ íãßäßã ãÞÇÈáÊí Ýí ãßÊÈí.
So ... uh, this . . . this morning I want to give you a general introduction to the university system in the United States
and Canada.
áÐÇ¡ æÝí åÐÇ ÇáÕÈÇÍ ÃÑíÏ Ãä ÃÚØíßã ãÞÏãÉ ÚÇãÉ Íæá äÙÇã ÇáÌÇãÚÉ Ýí ÇáæáÇíÇÊ ÇáãÊÍÏÉ æßäÏÇ.
First, I’m going to tell you about three types of university courses.
ÃæáÇð¡ ÓÃÎÈÑßã Úä ËáÇËÉ ÃäæÇÚ ãä ãÞÑÑÇÊ ÇáÌÇãÚÉ.
And then my second main topic is course requirements
ÈÚÏåÇ Óíßæä ãæÖæÚí ÇáÃÓÇÓí ÇáËÇäí åæ ãÓÊáÒãÇÊ ÇáãÞÑÑ
... uh, course requirements, which means what you have to do in order to pass the course. OK?
ãÓÊáÒãÇÊ ÇáãÞÑÑ¡ æÇáÊí ÊÚäí ãÇ Úáíß ÝÚáå ãä ÃÌá ÇÌÊíÇÒ ÇáãÞÑÑ¡ ÍÓäÇð¿
So I’ll talk about those two topics, and then you’ll have time to ask questions before we take a break, OK?
áÐÇ ÝÅäí ÓÃÊÍÏË Íæá åÐíä ÇáãæÖæÚíä¡ ÈÚÏåÇ Óíßæä áÏíßã ÇáæÞÊ ßí ÊÓÃáæÇ ÞÈá Ãä äÃÎÐ ÇÓÊÑÇÍÉð¡ ÍÓäÇð¿
All right, now as I said, first I want to tell you about three types of university courses.
ÍÓäÇð¡ ÇáÂä æßãÇ ÞáÊ¡ ÃæáÇð ÃÑíÏ Ãä ÃÎÈÑßã Úä ÇáËáÇËÉ ÃäæÇÚ áãÞÑÑÇÊ ÇáÌÇãÚÉ.
And I should explain that I’m talking about undergraduate courses now, because the system is different at the
graduate level.
æíÌÈ Úáí Ãä ÃæÖÍ Ãäí ÃÊÍÏË Úä ãÞÑÑÇÊ ãÇ ÞÈá ÇáÊÎÑÌ ÇáÂä¡ áÃä ÇáäÙÇã ãÎÊáÝ Ýí ãÑÍáÉ ÇáÊÎÑÌ.
All right. The most common type of undergraduate course is called a lecture course.
ÍÓäÇð. ÇáäæÚ ÇáÔÇÆÚ áãÞÑÑ ãÇ ÞÈá ÇáÊÎÑÌ íØáÞ Úáíå ãÞÑÑ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ.
Got that? A lecture course. Now basically, in lecture course, the professor talks and the students sit and take notes.
ãÝåæã¿ ãÞÑÑ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ. ÇáÂä æÈÔßá ÃÓÇÓ¡ Ýí ãÞÑÑ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ¡ ÇáÈÑæÝíÓæÑ íÊÍÏË æÇáØÇáÈ íÌáÓ æíÓÌá ÇáãáÇÍÙÇÊ.
This is very important—taking notes, I mean . . . because most of the time the information in a lecture is not the same
as the information in your books,
åÐÇ ãåã ÌÏÇð¡ ÊÓÌíá ÇáãáÇÍÙÇÊ¡ ÃÚäí ... áÃäå æÝí ÃÛáÈ ÇáÃæÞÇÊ ÝÅä ÇáãÚáæãÇÊ Ýí ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ áíÓÊ åí äÝÓåÇ ÇáãæÌæÏÉ
Ýí ßÊÈßã¡
and you can expect to have questions on your exams that are based on the lectures.
æáß Ãä ÊÊæÞÚ Ãä ÊÃÊíß ÃÓÆáÉ Ýí ÇÎÊÈÇÑß ãÚÊãÏÉ Úáì ÇáãÍÇÖÑÇÊ.
So you see, it isn’t enough to just read your textbooks, like it is in some countries; in the U.S. and Canada the system
is that you have to attend lectures.
áÐÇ æßãÇ ÊÑì¡ áíÓ ßÇÝíÇð Ãä ÊÞÑà ßÊÈß ÝÞØ¡ ßãÇ åæ ÍÇÕá Ýí ÈÚÖ ÇáÏæẠÝí ÇáæáÇíÇÊ ÇáãÊÍÏÉ æßäÏÇ ÇáäÙÇã åæ Ãäå íÌÈ Úáíß
ÍÖæÑ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÇÊ.
And during the lecture you can’t just sit there and listen, you have to take notes.
æÎáÇá ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ áÇ íãßäß ÇáÌáæÓ ÝÞØ æÇáÇÓÊãÇÚ¡ íÌÈ Úáíß ÊÓÌíá ÇáãáÇÍÙÇÊ.
Then later you use the notes to study for your exams. I hope that’s clear.
ÈÚÏåÇ íãßäß ÇÓÊÎÏÇã ÇáãáÇÍÙÇÊ áÏÑÇÓÉ ÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊß. ÃÑÌæ Ãä íßæä Ðáß æÇÖÍÇð.
Now, as an undergraduate in almost any major, you’ll probably spend four to six hours a week attending lectures.
ÇáÂä¡ æÈÕÝÊß áÓÊ ãÊÎÑÌÇð -Úáì ÇáÛÇáÈ- Ýí Ãí ÊÎÕÕº ¡ ÝÅäå Úáì ÇáÃÑÌÍ Úáíß Ãä ÊÞÖí ãä ÃÑÈÚ Åáì ÓÊ ÓÇÚÇÊ ßá ÃÓÈæÚ Ýí ÍÖæÑ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÇÊ.
But that’s four to six hours for each lecture course. Do you understand?
áßä åÐå ÇáÃÑÈÚ Åáì ÓÊ ÓÇÚÇÊ åí áßá ãÞÑÑ ãÍÇÖÑÉ. åá ÊÝåãæäí¿
And students normally take three or four lecture courses per semester,
æÇáØáÈÉ ÚÇÏÉð íÃÎÐæä ãä ËáÇË Åáì ÃÑÈÚ ãÞÑÑÇÊ ãÍÇÖÑÉ Ýí ÇáÝÕá ÇáÏÑÇÓí.
so figure it out . . . you’re going to spend a lot of hours each week listening to lectures.
áÐáß ÇÓÊæÚÈåÇ ÌíÏÇð¡ ÓæÝ ÊÞÖí ÇáÓÇÚÇÊ ÇáßËíÑÉ ßá ÃÓÈæÚ Ýí ÇáÇÓÊãÇÚ ááãÍÇÖÑÇÊ.
And the last thing about lecture courses is that they’re often held in very large rooms
æÂÎÑ ÔíÁ ÈÇáäÓÈÉ áãÞÑÑÇÊ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ åí ÃäåÇ ÃÍíÇäÇð ÊÌÑí Ýí ÛÑÝ ßÈíÑÉ ÌÏÇð
because undergraduate courses like Introduction to psychology can have two or three hundred students in them,
áÃä ãÞÑÑÇÊ ãÇ ÞÈá ÇáÊÎÑÌ ãËá ãÞÏãÉ Úáã ÇáäÝÓ ÞÏ íßæä ÝíåÇ ãÆÊíä Ãæ ËáÇÆãÇÆÉ ØÇáÈ ÝíåÇ¡
especially at large universities.
ÈÇáÐÇÊ Ýí ÇáÌÇãÚÇÊ ÇáßÈíÑÉ.
And so ... Well, what if you have a question or need help?
æáÐÇ¡ ÍÓäÇð¡ ãÇÐÇ Åä ßÇä áÏíßã ÓÄÇá Ãæ ÊÍÊÇÌæä áãÓÇÚÏÉ¿
There’s no w-there’s no way that one professor can meet with 300 students, right?
ãä ÇáãÓÊÍíá áÈÑæÝíÓæÑ æÇÍÏ Ãä íõÞÇÈá ËáÇËãÇÆÉ ØÇáÈ¡ ÕÍíÍ¿
That’s why, each week, all the students in a lecture course are divided into groups for a special kind of class called a
discussion section,
æáåÐÇ ÇáÓÈÈ ÝÅäå Ýí ßá ÃÓÈæÚ íõÞÓøóã ßá ÇáØáÈÉ Ýí ãÞÑÑ ãÍÇÖÑÉ Åáì ãÌãæÚÇÊ áäæÚ ÎÇÕ ãä ÇáÝÕæá íØáÞ Úáíå ÞÓã
ÇáãäÇÞÔÉ¡
which meets for two or three hours a week, and it’s smaller, maybe 20 or 30 students.
ÍíË íÊÞÇÈáæä áÓÇÚÊíä Ãæ ËáÇËÉ ÃÓÈæÚíÇð¡ æåí ÃÕÛÑ¡ ÍæÇáí ÚÔÑíä Åáì ËáÇËíä ØÇáÈ.
Your discussion section is the place where you can ask questions about the lectures and the readings and go over
homework.
ÞÓã ÇáãäÇÞÔÉ ÇáÎÇÕ Èßã åæ ÇáãßÇä ÇáÐí íãßä áßã Ýíå ØÑÍ ÇáÃÓÆáÉ Íæá ÇáãÍÇÖÑÇÊ æÍæá ÞÑÇÁÇÊßã æÊÑÇÌÚæä ÝíåÇ æÇÌÈÇÊßã.
But this class isn’t taught by your professors. At large universities it's taught by graduate students called teaching
assistants, or TAs.
áßä åÐÇ ÇáÝÕá áÇ íõÏÑÓ ãä ÞÈá ÇáÈÑæÝíÓæÑ ÇáÎÇÕ Èßã. Ýí ÇáÌÇãÚÇÊ ÇáßÈíÑÉ ÊõÏÑÓ ãËá åÐå ÇáÝÕæá ãä ÞÈá ØáÈÉ ÎÑíÌíä
íØáÞ Úáíåã ãÓÇÚÏí ÇáÊÏÑíÓ¡ Ãæ TAs.
Let’s see. So far I’ve told you about lecture courses and discussion sections.
áäÑì. ÍÊì ÇáÂä ÝÞÏ ÃÎÈÑÊßã Úä ãÞÑÑÇÊ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ æÃÞÓÇã ÇáãäÇÞÔÉ.
The third kind of class I want to mention is especially important for science majors, and that’s the lab class.
ËÇáË ÃäæÇÚ ÇáÝÕæá ÇáÊí ÃÑíÏ Ãä ÃÐßÑåÇ åí åÇãÉ ÈÔßá ÎÇÕ ááÊÎÕÕÇÊ ÇáÚáãíÉ¡ æåí ÝÕæá ÇáãÎÊÈÑ.
Lab is short for “laboratory” if your major is chemistry or physics or any other kind of science, you’ll have to spend
several hours a week in the lab.
Lab åí ÇÎÊÕÇÑ áãÕØáÍ laboratory Åä ßÇä ÊÎÕÕßã ßíãÇÁ Ãæ ÝíÒíÇÁ Ãæ Ãí äæÚ ÂÎÑ ãä ÇáÚáæã¡ Úáíß Ãä ÊÞÖí ÇáÚÏíÏ ãä
ÇáÓÇÚÇÊ ÃÓÈæÚíÇð Ýí ÇáãÎÊÈÑ.
This is where you do your experiments.
åäÇß ÍíË ÊÓÊØíÚ ÅÌÑÇÁ ÊÌÇÑÈß.
Let’s move on now to the second major topic I mentioned,
æÇáÂä áääÊÞá Åáì ãæÖæÚäÇ ÇáÃÓÇÓí ÇáËÇäí ÇáÐí ÐßÑÊå¡
which is course requirements.
æåæ ãÓÊáÒãÇÊ ÇáãÞÑÑ.
As I told you, “course requirements” means the things you have to do in order to pass a course.
ßãÇ ÃÎÈÑÊßã¡ ÝÅä ãÓÊáÒãÇÊ ÇáãÞÑÑ ÊÚäí ÇáÃÔíÇÁ ÇáÊí íÌÈ Úáíß ÝÚáåÇ ãä ÃÌá ÇÌÊíÇÒ ÇáãÞÑÑ.
First of all, nearly every class you take will have one or more tests, or exams.
ÃæáåÇ ÌãíÚÇð¡ ÊÞÑíÈÇð ßá ÝÕá ÊÃÎÐå Óíßæä Ýíå ÇÎÊÈÇÑ Ãæ ÇãÊÍÇä Ãæ ÃßËÑ.
Most university courses have at least two big exams: one in the middle of the course, called a midterm, and another
big one at the end, called the final exam.
ÛÇáÈ ãÞÑÑÇÊ ÇáÌÇãÚÉ ÊÊÖãä ÇÎÊÈÇÑí ßÈíÑíä¡ ÃÍÏåã Ýí ãäÊÕÝ ÇáãÞÑÑ íØáÞ Úáíå ÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÇáãäÊÕÝ¡ æÂÎÑ ßÈíÑ Ýí ÇáäåÇíÉ
íØáÞ Úáíå ÇáÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÇáäåÇÆí.
You might also have smaller tests from time to time. A small test is called a quiz.
ÞÏ ÊÞæãæä ÈÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ ÃÕÛÑ ãä æÞÊ áÂÎÑ. ÇáÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÇáÞÕíÑÉ íØáÞ ÚáíåÇ ßæíÒ.
Also, in many courses you might also have to do something called a term paper or research paper,
ÃíÖÇð¡ æÝí ÇáÚÏíÏ ãä ÇáãÞÑÑÇÊ ÞÏ íÊæÌÈ Úáíå Ãä ÊÞæã ÈÔíÁ ãÇ íØáÞ Úáíå æÑÞÉ ÝÕáíÉ Ãæ æÑÞÉ ÈÍË¡
so let me tell you a little about that. A term paper is a large written report that has several steps.
ÏÚæäí áÐáß ÃÎÈÑß ÞáíáÇð Íæá Ðáß. ÇáæÑÞÉ ÇáÝÕáíÉ åí ÊÞÑíÑ ßÊÇÈí Øæíá íÊÖãä ÚÏÉ ÎØæÇÊ.
First, you choose a topic related to the course. Then you do research on this topic, either in a library or on the
Internet.
ÃæáÇð¡ ÊÎÊÇÑ ÇáãæÖæÚ ÇáãÊÚáÞ ÈÇáãÞÑÑ. Ëã ÊÞæã ÈÇáÈÍË Íæá åÐÇ ÇáãæÖæÚ¡ ÓæÇÁ Ýí ÇáãßÊÈÉ Ãæ Úáì ÇáÇäÊÑäÊ.
“Do research” means that you read and take notes on the topic.
ÇáÞíÇã ÈÇáÈÍË íÚäí Ãäß ÊÞÑà æÊÃÎÐ ÇáãáÇÍÙÇÊ Íæá ÇáãæÖæÚ.
And finally, you use your notes to write a paper in your own words.
æÃÎíÑÇð ÊÓÊÎÏã ÇáãáÇÍÙÇÊ áßÊÇÈÉ æÑÞÉ ÈÃÓáæÈß ÇáÎÇÕ.
A research paper can be anywhere from 5 pages to 25 pages long.
ÇáæÑÞÉ ÇáÈÍËíÉ Ýí Ãí ãßÇä ÞÏ Êßæä ãä ÎãÓ Åáì ÎãÓ æÚÔÑíä æÑÞÉ ãä äÇÍíÉ ÇáØæá.
Now, this is a good place for me to introduce you to something called plagiarism.
ÇáÂä¡ åÐÇ ãßÇä ãäÇÓÈ ßí ÃÞÏã áßã ÔíÁ íØáÞ Úáíå ÇáÇäÊÍÇá.
That’s spelled P-L-A-G-I-A-R-I-S-M. Plagiarism is a kind of cheating, and it's a serious problem at American
universities.
æÇáÐí íäØÞ ßÇáÊÇáí Ç á Ç ä Ê Í Ç á. ÇáÇäÊÍÇá åæ äæÚ ãä ÃäæÇÚ ÇáÛÔ¡ æåæ ãÔßáÉ ÎØíÑÉ Ýí ÇáÌÇãÚÇÊ ÇáÃãÑíßíÉ.
Do you remember I just said that when you write a term paper, it has to be in your own words?
åá ÊÐßÑæä Ííä ÞáÊ áßã Ãäßã æÍíä ÊßÊÈæä æÑÞÉ ÝÕáíÉ¡ ÃäåÇ íÌÈ Ãä Êßæä ÈÃÓáæÈß ÇáÎÇÕ¿
That means you can’t copy your paper or even small parts of your paper from another student or a book or the
Internet.
Ðáß íÚäí Ãäå áÇ íãßä áß äÓÎ æÑÞÊß Ãæ ÍÊì ÃÌÒÇÁ ÕÛíÑÉ ãäåÇ ãä ØÇáÈ ÂÎÑ Ãæ ãä ßÊÇÈ Ãæ ãä ÇáÇäÊÑäÊ.
If you do, I mean if you copy, that's plagiarism.
Åä ÞãÊ¡ ÃÚäí Åä äÓÎÊ¡ Ðáß åæ ÇáÇäÊÍÇá.
If you plagiarize and you get caught, the punishment can be very serious.
Åä ÞãÊ ÈÇáÇäÊÍÇá (ÓÑÞÉ ÇáÃÚãÇá ÇáÃÏÈíÉ)¡ ÇáÚÞÇÈ ÞÏ íßæä ÎØíÑ ÌÏÇð.
You can fail the course or even get kicked out of the university.
ÞÏ ÊÑÓÈ Ýí ÇáãÞÑÑ Ãæ ÍÊì íÊã ØÑÏß ÎÇÑÌ ÇáÌÇãÚÉ.
So as I said, this is a very serious thing, and you need to be very careful about it.
áÐÇ æßãÇ ÞáÊ¡ åÐÇ ÔíÁ ÎØíÑ ÌÏÇð¡ æíäÈÛí Úáíß Ãä Êßæä ÍÑíÕÇð ÌÏÇð ÈÔÃäå.
OK; does anyone have questions at this point about types of university courses,
ÍÓäÇð¡ åá áÏì Ãí ãäßã ÓÄÇá Íæá åÐå ÇáäÞØɺ ÃäæÇÚ ãÞÑÑÇÊ ÇáÌÇãÚÉ¡
about course requirements, or about, plagiarism? No? Then let’s stop here and take a break.
Íæá ãÓÊáÒãÇÊ ÇáãÞÑÑ¡ Ãæ Íæá ÇáÇäÊÍÇá¿ áÇ¿ ÅÐä áäÊæÞÝ åäÇ æäÃÎÐ ÇÓÊÑÇÍÉ.


ááÅÓÊãÇÚ 01.rar
 
ÞÏíã 2016- 3- 24   #3
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ãõÊãíÒÉ ÈÇáãÓÊæì E7
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 248282
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Sun Dec 2015
ÇáÚãÑ: 35
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 1,690
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 15824
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 66
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÛíÑ ØÇáÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ÇáÇÓÊãÇÚ æÇáÊÍÏË

Passage
Chapter 2
Neighborhood Watch Meeting
ÇÌÊãÇÚ ÑÞÇÈÉ ÇáÍí



Police Officer:
ÖÇÈØ ÇáÔÑØÉ
Good evening. My name is Officer Jenkins.
ÚãÊõã ãÓÇÁð. ÇÓãí ÇáÖÇÈØ ÌíäßäÓ.
Thanks for inviting me tonight.
ÔßÑÇð áÏÚæÊßã áí ÇááíáÉ.
OK, so, as you know, there have been a number of break-ins recently in your neighborhood,
ÍÓäÇð¡ ÝßãÇ ÊÚáãæä¡ ÝÞÏ ßÇä åäÇáß ÚÏÏñ ãä ÚãáíÇÊ ÇáÓØæ ãÄÎÑÇð Ýí Ííøßã.
and even though it's true that there’s been very little violent crime,
æÚáì ÇáÑÛã Ãäå ÕÍíÍ Ãä ÌÑÇÆã ÇáÚäÝ ßÇäÊ ÞáíáÉ ÌÏÇð¡
um, especially compared to other parts of the city,
ÎÇÕÉ ÈÇáãÞÇÑäÉ ãÚ ÇáãäÇØÞ ÇáÃÎÑì Ýí ÇáãÏíäÉ¡
burglary and car theft are both up in this area.
ÅáÇ Ãä ÚãáíÇÊ ÇáÓØæ æÓÑÞÉ ÇáÓíÇÑÇÊ ßÇäÊÇ ãÑÊÝÚÊíä Ýí åÐå ÇáãäØÞÉ.
Let me give you some statistics.
ÏÚæäí ÃõÚØíßã ÈÚÖ ÇáÅÍÕÇÆíÇÊ.
OK, a year ago there were ... 48 burglaries in your area;
ÍÓäÇð¡ ÝÎáÇá ÇáÓäÉ ÇáãÇÖíÉ ßÇäÊ åäÇáß 48 ÚãáíÉ ÓØæ Ýí ãäØÞÊßãº
this year it’s gone up to 60 so far,
Ýí åÐå ÇáÓäÉ ÇÑÊÝÚÊ áÊÕá Åáì 60 áÍÏ ÇáÂä¡
and the number of car thefts has almost doubled, too.
æÚÏÏ ÇáÓíÇÑÇÊ ÇáÊí ÓÑÞÊ ÞÏ ÊÖÇÚÝ ßÐáß.
Now, I’m not here to try to scare you.
ÇáÂä¡ ÃäÇ áÓÊ åäÇ ßí ÃÎíÝßã.
What I want to do tonight is to give you some simple suggestions that will make your homes and automobiles safer. OK?
ãÇ ÃõÑíÏ Úãáå ÇááíáÉ åæ ÅÚØÇÄßã ÈÚÖ ÇáãÞÊÑÍÇÊ ÇáÊí ÓÊÌÚá ãäÇÒáßã æãÑßÈÇÊßã ÃßËÑ ÃãÇäÇð¡ ÍÓäÇð¿
So first of all, let’s talk about lights outside tire house.
Ãæá ÃãÑ¡ áäÊÍÏË Úä ÇáÅÖÇÁÇÊ ÎÇÑÌ ÅØÇÑ ÇáãäÒá.
If you live in a house, you need to have lights both in the front of your house and in the back,
Åä ßäÊã ÊÓßäæä Ýí ãäÒá¡ ÝÅäå íÊæÌÈ Úáíßã æÖÚ ÅÖÇÁÇÊ Ýí ßáò ãä ãõÞÏãÉ ÇáãäÒá æÝí äÇÍíÊå ÇáÎáÝíÉ.
and be sure to turn on those lights at night.
æÇáÊÃßÏ ãä ÊÔÛíá åÐå ÇáÅÖÇÁÇÊ Ýí Çááíá.
In my opinion this is the most important thing you can do to prevent burglaries.
Ýí ÑÃíí åÐÇ åæ Ãåã ÔíÁ íãßäßã Úãáå áãäÚ ÚãáíÇÊ ÇáÓØæ.
Next, let's talk about lights inside the house. It’s ...
ÈÚÏåÇ¡ ÏÚæäÇ äÊÍÏË Úä ÇáÅÖÇÁÇÊ ÏÇÎá ÇáãäÒá¡ ÅäåÇ...
Woman in Audience:
ÇãÑÃÉ ãä ÇáÌãåæÑ
Excuse me, what about apartments?
ÇáÚÝæ¡ ãÇÐÇ Úä ÇáÔÞÞ¿
I mean, I live in an apartment building ...
ÃÚäí¡ Ãäí ÃÚíÔ Ýí ÚãÇÑÉ ÔÞÞ ...
Police Officer:
ÖÇÈØ ÇáÔÑØÉ:
Yeah, good question.
äÚã¡ ÓÄÇáñ ÌíÏ.
If you live in an apartment building,
Åä ßäÊí ÊÚíÔíä Ýí ÚãÇÑÉ ÔÞÞ¡
you want to have good, bright lighting in the garage, the hallways, and by the door to your apartment.
íÌÈ Ãä íßæä áÏíß ÅÖÇÁÉ ÌíÏÉ æÓÇØÚÉ Ýí ÇáãÑÂÈ¡ ÇáããÑÇÊ¡ æÚäÏ ÈÇÈ ÔÞÊß.
If a light is broken, don’t ignore it.
Åä ßÇäÊ ÇáÅÖÇÁÉ ãßÓæÑÉ¡ áÇ ÊÊÌÇåáíåÇ.
Report it to your manager immediately.
ÃÈáÛí ãÏíÑ ÇáÚãÇÑÉ ÝæÑÇð.
And whether you live in a house or an apartment,
æÓæÇÁ ÃßäÊã ÊÚíÔæä Ýí ãäÒá Ãæ Ýí ÔÞÉ¡
it’s a good idea to put automatic timers on your lights.
ÓÊßæä ÝßÑÉ ÌíÏÉ æÖÚ ãÄÞÊ ÊáÞÇÆí Ýí ÅÖÇÁÇÊßã.
You know what a timer is, right?
ÃäÊã ÊÚÑÝæä ãÇåæ ÇáãÄÞÊ ÇáÊáÞÇÆí¡ ÕÍíÍ¿
It's like a clock that turns on your lights automatically,
Åäå íÔÈå ÇáÓÇÚÉ ÇáÊí ÊÔÛá ÅÖÇÁÇÊßã ÈÔßá ÊáÞÇÆí¡
so it looks like someone is home even if you’re out.
ÈÍíË íÈÏæ æßÃä åäÇß ÃÍÏ Ýí ãäÒáßã ÍÊì áæ ßäÊã ÎÇÑÌå.
Are you with me on that?
åá ÃäÊã ãÚí Ýí Ðáß¿
All right, then ... the next topic I want to discuss is locks.
ÍÓäÇð¡ ÈÚÏåÇ ... ÇáãæÖæÚ ÇáÊÇáí ÇáÐí ÃÑíÏ ãäÇÞÔÊå ãÚßã åí ÇáÃÞÝÇá.
First of all, forget cheap locks ’cause they’re not safe.
ÃæáÇð¡ ÇäÓæÇ ÇáÃÞÝÇá ÇáÑÎíÕÉ áÃäåÇ ÛíÑ ÂãäÉ.
Every door in your place should have a dead bolt ... urn, a deadbolt at least one inch thick.
ßá ÈÇÈ Ýí Óßäßã íÌÈ Ãä íßæä áå ÊÑÈÇÓ ãíøÊ (ÚäÏäÇ äÓãíå ÇáÓÑÞí¡ æåæ ÇáÞÝá Çááí íÊÖãä ãÞÈÖ íÊã ÞÝáå ÈÓÍÈå) æíßæä åÐÇ ÇáÊÑÈÇÓ ÈÓãß ÈæÕÉ æÇÍÏÉ Úáì ÇáÃÞá.
Also, there are special locks you can buy for your windows.
ßÐáß¡ åäÇáß ÃÞÝÇá ÎÇÕÉ íãßäßã ÔÑÇÄåÇ ááäæÇÝÐ.
By the way, did you know that in half of all burglaries, 50 percent, the burglars enter through unlocked doors or windows?
Úáì ÝßÑÉ¡ åá áÏíßã Úáã ÈÃäå äÕÝ ÚãáíÇÊ ÇáÓØæ Ãí 50% ãäåÇ ÝÅä ÇáÓÇØíä íÏÎáæä ãä ÎáÇá ÇáÃÈæÇÈ æÇáäæÇÝÐ ÛíÑ ÇáãÛáÞÉ¿
I’m telling you, even in a peaceful neighborhood like this,
ÃäÇ ÃÎÈÑßã¡ Ãäå ÍÊì Ýí ÇáÃÍíÇÁ ÇáÂãäÉ ßåÐÇ ÇáÍí¡
where you know all your neighbors,
ÍíË ÊÚÑÝæä ßá ÌíÑÇäßã¡
you have to get into the habit of keeping your windows and doors locked.
íÌÈ Úáíßã Ãä ÊÚÊÇÏæÇ Úáì ÇáÍÝÇÙ Úáì äæÇÝÐßã æÃÈæÇÈßã ãÛáÞÉ.
Police Officer:
ÖÇÈØ ÇáÔÑØÉ:
OK, now let’s move on and talk about how you can prevent car theft.
ÍÓäÇð¡ ÇáÂä ÏÚæäÇ ääÊÞá ááÍÏíË Úä ßíÝ íãßä áßã ãäÚ ÓÑÞÉ ÇáÓíÇÑÉ.
First, If you have a garage,
ÃæáÇð¡ Åä Çä áÏíßã ãÑÂÈ¡
use it for your car,
ÊÓÊÎÏãæäå áÓíÇÑÊßã
not for your ping -pong table!
áíÓ áØÇæáÉ ÇáÊäÓ!
But seriously, the most important thing is—and I hope this is obvious—if you’ve got valuables in the car,
ÈÌÏ¡ Ãåã ÔíÁ åæ -æÃÑÌæ Ãä íßæä Ðáß æÇÖÍÇð- Åä ßÇäÊ áÏíßã ÃÔíÇÁ ÞíãÉ Ýí ÇáÓíÇÑÉ¡
hide them in the trunk.
ÎÈÄæåÇ Ýí ÕäÏæÞ ÇáÓíÇÑÉ.
Don’t leave them out on the seat,
áÇ ÊÊÑßæåÇ Úáì ÇáãÞÚÏ¡
not even for five minutes!
æáÇ ÍÊì áÎãÓ ÏÞÇÆÞ!
Last week we got a report from a guy who left his laptop on the car seat while he ran in to buy a cup of coffee.
Ýí ÇáÃÓÈæÚ ÇáãäÕÑã ÊáÞíäÇ ÈáÇÛ Úä ÝÊðì ÊÑß ÍÇÓÈå ÇáãÍãæá Úáì ãÞÚÏ ÇáÓíÇÑÉ ÃËäÇÁ ãÇßÇä íÓÑÚ áÔÑÇÁ ßæÈò ãä ÇáÞåæÉ.
When he came back it was gone.
æÚäÏãÇ ÚÇÏ ßÇä ÍÇÓÈå ÞÏ ÇÎÊÝì.
The thief just broke the car window and reached in and took it.
ÇááÕ ßÓÑ äÇÝÐÉ ÇáÓíÇÑÉ æÕá ááÍÇÓÈ æÃÎÐå.
And also ...
æßÐáß ...
Man in Audience:
ÑÌáñ ãä ÇáÌãåæÑ:
What about a car alarm?
ãÇÐÇ Úä ÊäÈíå ÇáÓíÇÑÉ¿
Police Officer:
ÖÇÈØ ÇáÔÑØÉ:
Well, most research shows that noisy alarms don’t do anything to prevent car theft.
ÍÓäÇð¡ ÛÇáÈ ÇáÃÈÍÇË ÊÈíä Ãä ÇáÊäÈíåÇÊ ÇáãÒÚÌÉ áÇ ÊÝÚá ÔíÆÇð áãäÚ ÓÑÞÉ ÇáÓíÇÑÉ.
It’s better to have the kind of device thieves can see, like a lock on your steering wheel.
ãä ÇáÃÝÖá æÖÚ äæÚ ãä ÇáÃÌåÒÉ ÇáÊí íãßä ááÕæÕ Ãä íÑæåÇ¡ ãËá ÇáÞÝá ÇáÐí íæÖÚ Úáì ÚÌáÉ ÇáÞíÇÏÉ.
But the best thing of all is just to lock your car and keep valuables out of sight.
áßä ÃÝÖá ÔíÁ ãä ßá Ðáß åæ Ýí ÞÝá ÓíÇÑÊß ææÖÚ ÃÔíÇÆß ÇáËãíäÉ Ýí ÕäÏæÞ ÇáÓíÇÑÉ.
All right. Now my last point is what you, as neighbors, can do to help each other.
ÍÓäÇð. ÇáÂä äÞØÊí ÇáÃÎíÑÉ åí ãÇÐÇ íãßä áßã ßÌíÑÇä Ãä ÊÝÚáæÇ áãÓÇÚÏÉ ÈÚÖßã ÇáÈÚÖ.
The main thing is that when you go on vacation,
ÇáÔíÁ ÇáÃÓÇÓí åæ ÚäÏßãÇ ÊÐåÈæä Ýí ÚõØáÉ¡
ask someone to watch your house for you,
ÇØáÈæÇ ãä ÃÍÏåã Ãä íÑÇÞÈ ÇáãäÒá áßã¡
to collect your mail, take in your newspaper, stuff like that.
Ãä íÌãÚæÇ ÇáÈÑíÏ¡ íÃÎÐæÇ ÕÍÝßã¡ æÇáÃÔíÇÁ ÇáãÔÇÈåÉ.
Also, If you see something unusual,
ÃíÖÇð¡ Åä ÑÃíÊã ÔíÆÇð ÛíÑ ÇÚÊíÇÏí¡
like a strange van or truck in your neighbor’s driveway,
ßÔÇÍäÉ ÛÑíÈÉ Ýí ãÏÎá ÌíÑÇäßã¡
or people carrying furniture out,
Ãæ ÃõäÇÓÇð íÍãáæä ÇáÃËÇË ÎÇÑÌÇð¡
don’t go out there and try to stop it.
áÇ ÊÎÑÌæÇ áåã ãÍÇæáíä ãäÚåã.
Just call the police!
ÝÞØ ÇÊÕáæÇ ÈÇáÔÑØÉ!
And one more thing.
æÔíÁñ ÂÎÑ.
Each of you should put this Neighborhood Watch decal—this picture right here of the man in a coat looking over his shoulder-in your front window.
Úáì ßá ãäßã Ãä íÖÚ ÊÍÐíÑ ãÑÇÞÈÉ ÇáÍí åÐÇ -- åÐå ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÊí åäÇ¡ ÇáÑÌá ÈãÚØÝå ÇáÐí íÈÏæ Úáì ßÊÝíå- Ýí äÇÝÐÊßã ÇáÃãÇãíÉ.
This tells criminals that this area has a Neighborhood Watch and that someone might be watching them.
åÐÇ íÎÈÑ ÇáãÌÑãíä ÈÃä åÐå ÇáãäØÞÉ áÏíåÇ ãÑÇÞÈÉ ÇáÍí (ÇáÌíÑÇä íÑÇÞÈæä áÈÚÖåã ÈÚÖÇ) æÃäå íãßä áÃí ÃÍÏ Ãä íÑÇÞÈåã.
OK, are there any questions?
ÍÓäÇð¡ åá åäÇáß ãÒíÏ ãä ÇáÃÓÆáÉ¿
Man in Audience:
ÑÌáñ ãä ÇáÌãåæÑ:
Yeah, there’s something I want to know ...
äÚã¡ åäÇáß ÃãÑ ÃõÑíÏ ãÚÑÝÊå ...
Do you think it’s a good idea to keep a gun in the house?
åá ÊÚÊÞÏ ÃäåÇ ÝßÑÉ ÍÓäÉ ÌÚá ÓáÇÍ Ýí ÇáãäÒá¿
Police Officer:
ÖÇÈØ ÇáÔÑØÉ:
Well now, that is a very complicated question.
ÍÓäÇð ÇáÂä¡ åÐÇ ÓÄÇá ãÚÞÏ ÌÏÇð.
I think that it’s a bad idea to have a gun in your house,
ÃÚÊÞÏ ÃäåÇ ÝßÑÉ ÓíÆÉ ÈÇãÊáÇß ÓáÇÍ Ýí ÇáãäÒá¡
especially If you have kids.
ÈÇáÐÇÊ Åä ßÇä áÏíßã ÃØÝÇá.
Thousands of people die in gun accidents each year in this country.
ÇáÂáÇÝ ãä ÇáäÇÓ íãæÊæä ÈÓÈÈ ÍæÇÏË ÇáÓáÇÍ ßá ÓäÉ Ýí åÐå ÇáÈáÇÏ.
So, in my opinion, it’s just not safe to have a gun in your house.
áÐÇ¡ ÝÝí ÑÃíí¡ Åäå ÃãÑ ÛíÑ Âãä ÈÇãÊáÇß ÓáÇÍ Ýí ãäÒáß.
But of course it is legal to have a gun,
áßä ÈÇáÊÃßíÏ Åäå ÃãÑ ÞÇäæäí Ãä ÊãÊáß ÓáÇÍÇð¡
If that’s what you want.
Åä ßÇä åÐÇ åæ ãÇ ÊÑíÏå.
Just make sure you get the proper license and that you take a course in gun safety, OK?
áßä ÊÃßÏ ãä ÇáÍÕæá Úáì ÊÕÑíÍ ÈÍãá ÇáÓáÇÍ æÈÃäß ÃÎÐÊ ÏæÑÉ ÊÏÑíÈíÉ Ýí ÃãÇä ÇáÓáÇÍ¡ ÍÓäÇð¿
All right. Anything else?
ÍÓäÇð¡ Ãí ÃãÑ ÂÎÑ¿

ááÅÓÊãÇÚ 02.rar
 
ÞÏíã 2016- 3- 24   #4
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ãõÊãíÒÉ ÈÇáãÓÊæì E7
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 248282
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Sun Dec 2015
ÇáÚãÑ: 35
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 1,690
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 15824
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 66
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÛíÑ ØÇáÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ÇáÇÓÊãÇÚ æÇáÊÍÏË

Passage
Chapter 3
Entrepreneurs
ÑÌÇá ÇáÃÚãÇá



How many of you know the name Jeff Bezos?
ßã ãäßã íÚÑÝ ÇÓã ÌíÝ ÈíÒæÓ¿
OK, how about Amazon.com?
ÍÓäÇð¡ æãÇÐÇ Úä ÃãÇÒæä¿
Have you heard of that?
åá ÓãÚÊã Úäåã¿
Well, Amazon is the world's first and largest Internet bookstore.
ÍÓäÇð¡ ÃãÇÒæä åæ Ãæá æÃßÈÑ ãßÊÈÉ Úáì ÇáÇäÊÑäÊ Ýí ÇáÚÇã.
And Jeff Bezos is the man who started Amazon back in 1995.
æÌíÝ ÈíÒæÓ åæ ÇáÑÌá ÇáÐí ÈÏà ÃãÇÒæä ãäÐ ÚÇã 1995.
Five years later, Amazon was serving millions of customers in 120 different countries.
ÈÚÏåÇ ÈÎãÓ ÓäæÇÊ¡ ÈÇÊÊ ÃãÇÒæä ÊÎÏã ÇáãáÇííä ãä ÇáÚãáÇÁ Ýí 120 ÈáÏÇð ãÎÊáÝÇ.
Amazing, right?
ãÏåÔ¡ ÕÍíÍ¿
And this is the reason why, in 1999, Jeff Bezos was selected as Time Magazine's Person of the Year,
æáåÐÇ ÇáÓÈÈ Ýí ÓäÉ 1999 ÇÎÊíÑ ÌíÝ ÈíÒæÓ ßÔÎÕíÉ ÇáÚÇã Ýí ãÌáÉ ÇáÊÇíã.
a very great honor.
Ðáß ÇáÔÑÝ ÇáÚÙíã.
Now, Jeff Bezos is actually not the topic of my lecture today,
ÇáÂä¡ ÌíÝ ÈíÒæÓ Ýí ÇáæÇÞÚ áíÓ åæ ãæÖæÚ ãÍÇÖÑÊí áåÐÇ Çáíæã¡
but he is a perfect example of my topic,
áßäå äãæÐÌ ãËÇáí áãæÖæÚí¡
which is entrepreneurs.
æÇáÐí åæ ÑÌÇá ÇáÃÚãÇá.
That's entrepreneurs, spelled E-N-T-R-E-P-R-E-N-E-UR -S.
ÑÌÇá ÇáÃÚãÇá¡ æÇáÊí ÊáÝÙ Ñ Ì Ç á Ç á Ã Ú ã Ç á.
Entrepreneur is a French word meaning a person who starts a completely new business or industry;
Entrepreneur åí ßáãÉ ÝÑäÓíÉ ÊÚäí ÇáÔÎÕ ÇáÐí íÈÏà ÈÔßá ÌÏíÏò ßáíÇð ÚãáÇð Ãæ ÕäÇÚÉð ÌÏíÏÉ.
um, someone who does something no one else has done before;
åæ ÇáÔÎÕ ÇáÐí íÞæã ÈÔíÁ áã íÞã Èå ÃÍÏñ ãä ÞÈáåº
or who does it in a completely new way, like Jeff Bezos.
Ãæ ÇáÐí ÞÇã Èå ÈÃÓáæÈ ÌÏíÏò ßáíÇð¡ ãËá ÌíÝ ÈíÒæÓ.
Entrepreneurs like Jeff Bezos are very highly respected in American society and,
ÑÌÇá ÇáÃÚãÇá ãËá ÌíÝ ÈíÒæÓ áåã ÇÍÊÑÇã ßÈíÑ ÌÏÇð Ýí ÇáãÌÊãÚ ÇáÃãÑíßí¡ æ
I think, in many other countries too.
ÃäÇ ÃÚÊÞÏ ÍÊì Ýí ÇáÈáÏÇä ÇáÃÎÑì.
So, in today's lecture I want to talk about three things.
áÐÇ æÝí ãÍÇÖÑÉ Çáíæã ÃÑíÏ Ãä ÃÊÍÏË Úä ËáÇËÉ ÃÔíÇÁ.
First, the characteristics of entrepreneurs — I mean, what kind of people they are. Second,
ÃæáÇð¡ ÎÕÇÆÕ ÑÌÇá ÇáÃÚãÇá -- ÃÚäí Ãí äæÚ ã ä ÇáäÇÓ åã. ËÇäíÇð¡
the kind of background they come from.
äæÚ ÇáÎáÝíÉ ÇáÊí ÌÇÄæÇ ãäåÇ.
And third, the entrepreneurial process, that is, the steps entrepreneurs follow when they create a new business.
æËÇáËÇð¡ ÚãáíÉ ÊäÙíã ÇáÃÚãÇá æÇáÊí åí ÇáÎØæÇÊ ÇáÊí íÊÈÚåÇ ÑÌÇá ÇáÃÚãÇá ÚäÏãÇ íõæÌÏæä ÚãáÇð ÌÏíÏÇ.
OK, um, let's begin by looking at the characteristics or,
ÍÓäÇð¡ áäÈÏà ÈÇáäÙÑ Åáì ÇáÎÕÇÆÕ Ãæ¡
the qualities, of entrepreneurs.
ÕÝÇÊ ÑÌÇá ÇáÃÚãÇá.
There are two qualities that I think all entrepreneurs have in common.
åäÇáß ÕÝÊíä ÃÚÊÞÏ Ãä ßá ÑÌÇá ÇáÃÚãÇá íÔÊÑßæä ÈåÇ.
First, entrepreneurs have vision.
ÃæáÇð¡ ÑÌÇá ÇáÃÚãÇá áÏíåã ÑÄíÉ.
I mean that they have the ability to see opportunities that other people simply do not see.
ÃÚäí Ãä áÏíåã ÇáÞÇÈáíÉ áÑÄíÉ ÇáÝÑÕ ÇáÊí æÈÈÓÇØÉ áÇ íÑÇåÇ ÈÞíÉ ÇáäÇÓ.
Let's look again at the example of Jeff Bezos.
áäÑì ãÑÉ ÃÎÑì Åáì äãæÐÌ ÌíÝ ÈíÒæÓ.
One day in 1994, he was surfing the Internet when suddenly he had a brilliant idea:
Ýí íæã ãÇ Ýí ÓäÉ 1994¡ ßÇä íÈÍÑ Ýí ÇáÇäÊÑäÊ ÍíäãÇ ØÑÃÊ Úáì ÈÇáå ÝßÑÉ áÇãÚÉ:
why not use the Internet to sell products?
áãÇ áÇ äÓÊÎÏã ÇáÇäÊÑäÊ áÈíÚ ÇáÃÔíÇÁ¿
Remembe, at that time, no one was using the Internet in that way.
ÊÐßÑ¡ Ýí Ðáß ÇáæÞÊ áã íßä ÃÍÏ íÓÊÎÏã ÇáÇäÊÑäÊ ÈÊáß ÇáØÑíÞÉ.
After doing some research, Bezos decided that the product he wanted to sell was books.
æÈÚÏ ÇáÞíÇã ÈÈÚÖ ÇáÃÈÍÇË¡ ÞÑÑ ÈíÒæÓ Ãä ÇáãäÊÌ ÇáÐí íÑíÏ ÈíÚå åí ÇáßÊÈ.
That's how Amazon got its start.
Êáß åí ÇáßíÝíÉ ÇáÊí ÈÏÃÊ ÈåÇ ÃãÇÒæä.
The other quality that I think all entrepreneurs have is that they're not afraid to take risks.
ÇáãíÒÉ ÇáËÇäíÉ ÇáÊí ÃÚÊÞÏ Ãä ßá ÑÌÇá ÇáÃÚãÇá íãÊáßæäåÇ åí ÚÏã ÇáÎæÝ ãä ÎæÖ ÇáÃÎØÇÑ.
I mean they're not afraid to fail.
ÃÚäí Ãäåã áÇ íÎÇÝæä ãä ÇáÝÔá.
As an example, let me tell you about Frederick Smith.
Úáì ÓÈíá ÇáãËÇá¡ ÏÚäí ÃÎÈÑß Úä ÝÑíÏÑíß ÓãíË.
He founded FedEx, the company that delivers packages overnight.
åæ ÇáÐí ÃÓÓ ÝíÏíßÓ¡ ÇáÔÑßÉ ÇáÊí ÊæÕá ÍÒã ÇáÃÛÑÇÖ Èíä ÚÔíÉ æÖÍÇåÇ.
Smith first suggested the idea for his company in a college term paper.
ÓãíË ßÇä Ãæá ãä ÇÞÊÑÍ ÝßÑÉ ÔÑßÊå Ýí æÑÞÉ ÈÍË ÝÕáíÉ Ýí ÇáßáíÉ.
Do you know what grade he got on it?
åá ÊÚáã ãÇåí ÇáÏÑÌÉ ÇáÊí ÍÕá ÚáíåÇ¿
A C! Clearly, his professor didn't like the idea,
ÍÕáÊ Úáì ÌíÏ¡ æÇÖÍ Ãä ÇáÝßÑÉ áã ÊÑÞ ááÈÑæÝíÓæÑ ÇáÐí ßÇä ãÔÑÝÇð Úáíå¡
but this didn't stop him.
áßä åÐÇ áã íæÞÝå.
Today FedEx is worth more than 20 billion dollars and employs more than 130,000 people.
Çáíæã ÝíÏíßÓ ÊõÞíøã ÈÃßËÑ ãä 20 ãáíÇÑ ÏæáÇÑ æÊæÙÝ ÃßËÑ ãä 130 ÃáÝ ÔÎÕ.
OK, we've just seen that all entrepreneurs have at least two important qualities in common.
ÍÓäÇð¡ ÑÃíäÇ ááÊæ ßíÝ Ãä ßá ÑÌÇá ÇáÃÚãÇá áÏíåã Úáì ÇáÃÞá ÕÝÊíä ãåãÊíä íÔÊÑßæä ÈåÇ.
But now let's take a look at some differences.
áßä ÇáÂä ÏÚæäÇ ääÙÑ Åáì ÈÚÖ ÇáÇÎÊáÇÝÇÊ.
We'll see that their backgrounds can be very different.
ÓäÑì ßíÝ Ãä ÎáÝíÇÊ ÞÏ Êßæä ãÎÊáÝÉ ÊãÇãÇð.
First of all, some entrepreneurs are well educated,
ÃæáÇð¡ ÈÚÖ ÑÌÇá ÇáÃÚãÇá ãõÊÚáãíä ÈÔßá ÌíÏ¡
like Jeff Bezos, who graduated from Princeton University.
ãËá ÌíÝ ÈíÒæÓ¡ ÇáÐí ÊÎÑÌ ãä ÌÇãÚÉ ÈÑíäÓíÊæä.
But others, like Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft,
áßä ÇáÂÎÑíä ãËá Èíá ÛíÊÓ ãÄÓÓ ãÇíßÑæÓæÝÊ¡
never even finished college.
áã íõäåí ÍÊì ÇáßáíÉ.
Next, some entrepreneurs come from rich families,
ÇáÃãÑ ÇáÊÇáí åæ Ãä ÈÚÖ ÑÌÇá ÇáÃÚãÇá ÌÇÄæÇ ãä ÃÓÑ ÛäíÉ¡
like Frederick Smith, the founder of FedEx.
ãËá ÝÑíÏÑíß ÓãíË¡ ãÄÓÓ ÝíÏíßÓ.
In contrast, other entrepreneurs come from poor families,
æÚáì ÇáäÞíÖ¡ ÑÌÇá ÃÚãÇá ÂÎÑíä ÌÇÄæÇ ãä ÃÓÑ ÝÞíÑÉ¡
and many are immigrants or the children of immigrants.
æÇáÚÏíÏ ãäåã ãåÇÌÑíä Ãæ Ãäåã ßÇäæÇ ÃÈäÇÁð áãõåÇÌÑíä.
A great example is Jerry Yang, one of the men who started Yahoo.com.
ÇáäãæÐÌ ÇáÚÙíã åæ ÌíÑí íÇäÛ¡ æÇÍÏ ãä ÇáÑÌÇá ÇáÐí ÈÏÃæÇ íÇåæ ÏæÊ ßæã.
He was born in Taiwan and came to America as a young boy in the 1970s.
æõá Ýí ÊÇíæÇä æÌÇÁ Åáì ÃãÑíßÇ ÍíäãÇ ßÇä æáÏÇð ÕÛíÑ Ýí ÇáÓÈÚíäíÇÊ.
OK, another difference is that although many entrepreneurs start their businesses at a young age,
ÍÓäÇð¡ ÇáÇÎÊáÇÝ ÇáÂÎÑ åæ Ãäå æÚáì ÇáÑÛã ãä Ãä ÇáÚÏíÏ ãä ÑÌÇá ÇáÃÚãÇá ÈÏÃæÇ ÃÚãÇáåã Ýí Óäò ÕÛíÑ¡
lots of others don't start until age 40 or later.
ÇáÈÚÖ ÇáÂÎÑ áã íÈÏà ÍÊì ÚãÑ ÇáÃÑÈÚíä Ãæ ÃßÈÑ.
And finally, I think it's important to remind you that entrepreneurs are not always men.
æÎÊÇãÇð¡ ÃÚÊÞÏ Ãäåã ãä Çáãåã Ãä ÃÐßÑßã Ãä ÑÌÇá ÇáÃÚãÇá áíÓæÇ ÏÇÆãÇð ÑÌÇá.
A famous woman entrepreneur, for example, is Anita Roddick.
æÇÍÏÉ ãä ÃÔåÑ äÓÇÁ ÇáÃÚãÇá Úáì ÓÈíá ÇáãËÇá åí ÃäíÊÇ ÑæÏíß.
She founded The Body Shop.
åí ÇáÊí ÃÓÓÊ ÐÇ ÈæÏí ÔæÈ.
You can find her natural cosmetics shops all over the world.
íãßä áß Ãä ÊÌÏ ãÍáÇÊ ãÓÊÍÖÑÇÊåÇ ÇáØÈíÚíÉ Ýí ßá ÃÑÌÇÁ ÇáÚÇáã.
So, to conclude this section, you can see that entrepreneurs come from many different backgrounds.
áÐÇ¡ ,æáÇÎÊÊÇã åÐÇ ÇáÌÒÁ¡ íãßä áß Ãä ÊÑì Ãä ÑÌÇá ÇáÃÚãÇá íÃÊæä ãä ÎáÝíÇÊ ãÎÊáÝÉ.
I want to move on now and take a look at the entrepreneurial process.
ÃÑíÏ Ãä ÃäÊÞá ÇáÂä æÂÎÐ äÙÑÉ Úáì ÚãáíÉ ÊäÙíã ÇáÃÚãÇá.
There are six basic steps that most entrepreneurs follow when they start their businesses.
åäÇáß ÓÊ ÎØæÇÊ ÃÓÇÓíÉ íÊÈÚåÇ ÛÇáÈ ÑÌÇá ÇáÃÚãÇá ÚäÏãÇ íÈÏÃæä ÃÚãÇáåã.
In the first step, they identify a problem;
ÇáÎØæÉ ÇáÃæáì åí Ãäå íÍÏÏæä ãÔßáɺ
in other words, they see a need or a problem that no one else sees.
Ãæ ÈÚÈÇÑÉ ÃÎÑì¡ íäÙÑæä Åáì ÍÇÌÉ Ãæ ãÔßáÉ áã íÑÇåÇ ÃÍÏ ÛíÑåã.
Then, in the second step, they think of a solution,
ÈÚÏåÇ Ýí ÇáÎØæÉ ÇáËÇäíÉ¡ íÝßÑæä Ýí Íá¡
what needs to be done to solve the problem or meet the need.
ãÇáÐí íÌÈ ÝÚáå áÍá ÇáãÔßáÉ æÊáÈíÉ ÇáÍÇÌÉ.
I think we’ve already seen several examples today of people who saw a need or an opportunity and then came up with a creative solution.
ÃÚÊÞÏ ÃäÇ ÑÃíäÇ ÇáÚÏíÏ ãä ÇáäãÇÐÌ Çáíæã áÃõäÇÓò äÙÑæÇ áãÔßáÉ Ãæ ÝÑÕÉ æÌÇÄæÇ ÈÚÏåÇ ÈÍá ÅÈÏÇÚí.
Step three is to prepare a business plan.
ÇáÎØæÉ ÇáËÇáËÉ åí ÅÚÏÇÏ ÎØÉ Úãá.
This means looking at things like equipment, location, financing, marketing, and so on.
æåÐÇ íÚäí ÇáÈÍË Úä ÃÔíÇÁ ãËá ÇáãÚÏÇÊ¡ ÇáãæÞÚ¡ ÇáÊãæíá¡ ÇáÊÓæíÞ¡ æåßÐÇ.
There are thousands of details to think about when you start a new business;
åäÇáß ÂáÇÝ ÇáÊÝÇÕíá ááÊÝßíÑ Íæá ãÊì ÊÈÏà ÚãáÇð ÌÏíÏǺ
as a result, this stage can take months or even years.
æÝí ÇáãÍÕáÉ¡ åÐå ÇáãÑÍáÉ ÞÏ ÊÃÎÐ ÔåæÑÇð Ãæ ÍÊì ÓäæÇÊ.
The next step,
ÇáÎØæÉ ÇáÊí ÊáíåÇ¡
the fourth step,
ÇáÎØæÉ ÇáÑÇÈÚÉ¡
is putting together a team
åí ÊÔßíá ÝÑíÞ
– in other words,
-ÈÚÈÇÑÉ ÃÎÑì¡
hiring the right people to work with the entrepreneur in the new business.
ÊÃÌíÑ ÇáÃÔÎÇÕ ÇáãäÇÓÈ ááÚãá ãÚ ÑÌá ÇáÃÚãÇá Ýí ÇáÚãá ÇáÌÏíÏ.
After that, the fifth step is something called test marketing.
ÈÚÏ Ðáß¡ ÇáÎØæÉ ÇáÎÇãÓÉ åí ÔíÁ íõÓãøì ÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÇáÊÓæíÞ.
That’s test marketing.
ÇÎÊÈÑ ÇáÊÓæíÞ åÐÇ.
This involves making and selling a small amount of the product or service just to try it out and see if customers like it.
íÊÖãä ÕäÚ æÈíÚ ßãíÇÊ ÕÛíÑÉ ãä ÇáãäÊÌ Ãæ ÇáÎÏãÉ ÝÞØ áÊÌÑÈÊå æÇáäÙÑ Åä ßÇä ÇáÚãáÇÁ ÞÏ ÃÍÈæå.
And if they do, then;
ÝÅä ÃÍÈæå¡ ÈÚÏåǺ
finally; entrepreneurs go to the sixth step,
æÎÊÇãÇð¡ íÐåÈ ÑÌÇá ÇáÃÚãÇá Åáì ÇáÎØæÉ ÇáÓÇÏÓÉ¡
which is raising capital. Capital is another word for money.
æÇáÊí åí ÑÝÚ ÑÃÓ ÇáãÇá. ÑÃÓ ÇáãÇá åæ ßáãÉ ÃÎÑì ááãÇá.
The entrepreneur has to raise a lot of money,
ÑÌá ÇáÃÚãÇá Úáíå Ãä íÑÝÚ ÇáßËíÑ ãä ÇáÃãæÇá¡
you know, from the bank , or friends, or family, in order to produce and sell the product or service in large quantities.
ßãÇ ÊÚáã¡ ãä ÇáÈäß¡ ãä ÇáÃÕÏÞÇÁ¡ ãä ÇáÚÇÆáÉ ãä ÃÌá ÅäÊÇÌ æÈíÚ ÇáãäÊÌ Ãæ ÇáÎÏãÉ ÈßãíÇÊ ßÈíÑÉ.
I want to say, in conclusion,
ÃõÑíÏ ÇáÞæá¡ Ýí ÇáÎÊÇã¡
that entrepreneurs like Jeff Bezos are among the most respected people in the United States.
ÈÃä ÑÌÇá ÇáÃÚãÇá ãËá ÌíÝ ÈíÒæÓ åã ããä Èíä ÃßËÑ ÇáÃÔÎÇÕ ÇÍÊÑÇãÇ Ýí ÇáæáÇíÇÊ ÇáãÊÍÏÉ.
They are cultural heroes,
Åäåã ÃÈØÇá ËÞÇÝíæä¡
like movie stars or sports heroes.
ãËá äÌæ ÇáÃÝáÇã æÃÈØÇá ÇáÑíÇÖÉ.
Why? Because, starting with a dream and working very hard,
áãÇÐÇ¡ áÃäåã ÈÏÃæÇ ÈÍáã æÚãáæÇ ÈÌÏò ßÈíÑ¡
these people created companies that solved serious, important problems.
åÄáÇÁ ÇáÃÔÎÇÕ ÃäÔÃæÇ ÔÑßÇÊ ÍáÊ ãÔÇßá ÌÏíøÉ æãåãÉ.
They provided jobs for millions of people,
ææÝÑæÇ æÙÇÆÝ áãáÇííä ÇáÃÔÎÇÕ¡
and in general their companies made life easier and more pleasant for all of us.
æÈÔßá ÚÇã ÝÅä ÔÑßÇÊåã ÌÚáÊ ÇáÍíÇÉ ÃÓåá æÃßËÑ ÅãÊÇÚÇð áßáò ãäøÇ.
If you ever order a book from Amazon,
Åä ÓÈÞ áß ØáÈ ßÊÇÈ ãä ÃãÇÒæä¡
or use natural make-up from the Body Shop,
Ãæ ÇÓÊÎÏãÊ ãÇßíÇÌ ØÈíÚí ãä ÐÇ ÈæÏí ÔæÈ.
say thanks to the remarkable people who created these companies.
Þá ÔßÑÇð ááÃÔÎÇÕ ÇáÑÇÆÚíä ÇáÐí ÃäÔÃæÇ Êáß ÇáÔÑßÇÊ.


ááÅÓÊãÇÚ 03.rar
 
ÞÏíã 2016- 3- 24   #5
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ãõÊãíÒÉ ÈÇáãÓÊæì E7
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 248282
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Sun Dec 2015
ÇáÚãÑ: 35
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 1,690
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 15824
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 66
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÛíÑ ØÇáÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ÇáÇÓÊãÇÚ æÇáÊÍÏË

Passage
Chapter 4
Changes in the U.S. Job Market
ÇáÊÛíÑÇÊ Ýí ÓæÞ ÇáÚãá ÇáÃãÑíßí



Lecturer:
ÇáãõÍÇÖÑ:

If you’ll be graduating from high school or college in the next year or two,
Åä ßäÊ ÓÊÊÎÑÌ ãä ãÏÑÓÉò ÚõáíÇ Ãæ ãä ßáíøÉ ÎáÇá ÇáÓäÉ ÇáÞÇÏãÉ Ãæ ÇáÊí ÊáíåÇ¡

then I’m sure you’re very concerned about finding a job.
ÈÇáÊÇáí ÝÃäÇ ãÊÃßÏ ÈÃäß ÓÊßæä ãåÊãÇð ÈÇáÈÍË Úä æÙíÝÉ.

There are two questions that young people like you always ask me.
åäÇáß ÓÄÇáíä íÍÈ ÏÇÆãÇð Ãä íÓÃáäí ÅíÇå ÇáÔÈÇÈ.

First, what are the best jobs going to be?
ÃæáÇð¡ ãÇåí ÃÝÖá ÇáæÙÇÆÝ ÇáããßäÉ¿

And second, how can I prepare myself to get one of those good jobs?
æËÇäíÇð¡ ßíÝ íãßä áí Ãä ÃõÚÏø äÝÓí ááÍÕæá Úáì æÇÍÏÉ ãä Êáß ÇáæÙÇÆÝ ÇáÌíÏÉ¿

Well in the next few minutes, I want to try to answer these questions for you,
ÍÓäÇð¡ Ýí ÇáÏÞÇÆÞ ÇáÞÇÏãÉ¡ ÃÑíÏ Ãä ÃÌíÈ Úáì åÐå ÇáÃÓÆáÉ ãä ÃÌáß¡

and I hope this information will help you make the right choices about your future career.
æÃÑÌæ Ãä ÊÓÇÚÏßã åÐå ÇáãÚáæãÇÊ Ýí ÇÊÎÇÐ ÇáÞÑÇÑÇÊ ÇáÕÍíÍÉ Íæá ãÓÊÞÈáßã ÇáæÙíÝí.

Let’s start with a little history.
áäÈÏà ÈÍßÇíÉ (ÓÑÏ ÊÇÑíÎí) ÞÕíÑÉ.

In the last 100 years, there’s been a big change in the U.S. job market,
Ýí ÇáÓäæÇÊ ÇáãÇÆÉ ÇáÃÎíÑÉ¡ ÍÏË ÊÛíÑ ßÈíÑ Ýí ÓæÞ ÇáÚãá ÇáÃãÑíßí¡

from a manufacturing economy to a service economy.
ãä ÇáÇÞÊÕÇÏ ÇáÕäÇÚí Åáì ÇáÇÞÊÕÇÏí ÇáÎÏãí.

What does that mean?
ãÇ ãÚäì Ðáß¿

Well, in a manufacturing economy people make things, like cars or furniture or clothes.
ÍÓäÇð¡ Ýí ÇáÇÞÊÕÇÏ ÇáÕäÇÚí íÞæã ÇáäÇÓ ÈÕäÚ ÃÔíÇÁ¡ ãËá: ÇáÓíÇÑÇÊ¡ ÇáÃËÇË¡ Ãæ ÇáãáÇÈÓ.

In a service economy, people do things.
ÃãÇ Ýí ÇáÇÞÊÕÇÏ ÇáÎÏãí ÝÅä ÇáäÇÓ íÞæãæä ÈÚãá ÃÔíÇÁ.

Uh, they cut your hair, they fix your shoes, they sell you a computer.
ãËá ÞÕ ÇáÔÚÑ¡ ÅÕáÇÍ ÇáÃÍÐíÉ¡ ÈíÚß ÌåÇÒ ÍÇÓÈ.

Uh, airline pilots, doctors, restaurant workers --all of these are examples of service workers. OK?
ØíÇÑí ÇáÎØæØ ÇáÌæíÉ¡ ÇáÃØÈÇÁ¡ ÚãÇá ÇáãØÇÚã -- ßáåã íÚÊÈÑæä äãÇÐÌ Úáì ÚãÇá ÇáÎÏãÇÊ. ÍÓäÇð¿

So again, my point is that the number of manufacturing jobs has been going down for quite a long time.
áÐÇ ãÑÉ ÃÎÑì¡ æÌåÉ äÙÑí åí Ãä ÚÏÏ æÙÇÆÝ ÇáÕäÇÚÉ Ýí ÇÖãÍáÇá ãäÐ æÞÊ Øæíá.

Now why do you think that is? What’s the cause?
ÇáÂä áãÇÐÇ ÍÕá åÐÇ ÈÇÚÊÞÇÏß¿ ãÇåæ ÇáÓÈÈ¿

Student 1:
ØÇáÈ 1:

I think automation, you know, robots, computers ...
ÃÚÊÞÏ ÃäåÇ ÇáÂáÉ¡ ßãÇ ÊÚáã ÇáÅäÓÇä ÇáÂáí¡ ÇáÍæÇÓíÈ ...

Lecturer:
ÇáãõÍÇÖÑ:

That’s one reason, yes.
åÐÇ ÃÍÏ ÇáÃÓÈÇÈ¡ äÚã.

Because of technology, we’re able to manufacture goods by using machines instead of human workers.
ÈÓÈÈ ÇáÊÞäíÉ¡ íãßääÇ ÕäÇÚÉ ÇáãäÊÌÇÊ ÈÇÓÊÎÏÇã ÇáÂáÇÊ ÚæÖÇð Úä ÇáÚõãÇá ÇáÈÔÑ.

As a result, thousands of manufacturing jobs don’t exist anymore.
æßäÊíÌÉ áÐáß¡ ÝÅä ÂáÇÝÇð ãä ÇáæÙÇÆÝ ÇáÕäÇÚíÉ áã ÊÚÏ ãæÌæÏÉ ÃÈÏÇð.

OK, can you think of another reason?
ÌÓäÇð¡ åá íãßä áßã ÇáÊÝßíÑ Ýí ÓÈÈ ÂÎÑ¿

Student 2:
ØÇáÈ 2:

Foreign competition.
ÇáãäÇÝÓÉ ÇáÃÌäÈíÉ.

I mean ... most manufacturing is done outside of the U.S. now,
ÃÚäí¡ ÛÇáÈ ÇáÊÕäíÚ íÊã ÎÇÑÌ ÇáæáÇíÇÊ ÇáãÊÍÏË ÇáÂä¡

in countries where the labor costs are cheaper.
Ýí Ïæá ÍíË ÊßÇáíÝ ÇáÚãÇáÉ ÃÑÎÕ.

Lecturer:
ÇáãõÍÇÖÑ:

Yes, that’s right.
äÚã¡ åÐÇ ÕÍíÍ.

According to the U.S. goverment, approximately 2.5 million manufacturing jobs have disappeared just since 2001.
æÇÚÊãÇÏÇð Úáì ÍßæãÉ ÇáæáÇíÇÊ ÇáãÊÍÏÉ ÝÅäå æÊÞÑíÈÇð 2.5 ãáíæä ãä ÇáæÙÇÆÝ ÇáÕäÇÚíÉ ÇÎÊÝÊ ãäÐ ÇáÚÇã 2001.

And that trend is definitely going to continue as we move further into the 21st century.
æåÐå ÇáäÒÚÉ ÈÇáÊÃßíÏ ÓÊÓÊãÑ ÃßËÑ ßáãÇ ãÖíäÇ Ýí ÇáÞÑä ÇáæÇÍÏ æÇáÚÔÑíä.

But now let’s talk about service jobs.
ÃãÇ ÇáÂä ÏÚæäÇ äÊÍÏË Úä ÇáæÙÇÆÝ ÇáÎÏãíøÉ.

Here the trend is exactly the opposite.
ÇáäÒÚÉ åäÇ åí ÊãÇãÇð ÇáÚßÓ.

At the same time that the number of manufacturing jobs is decreasing,
ÝÝí äÝÓ ÇáæÞÊ ÇáÐí ÊÊäÇÞÕ Ýíå ÇáæÙÇÆÝ ÇáÕäÇÚíÉ¡

the number of service jobs is probably going to grow by more than 20 million just in the next ten years!
ÝÅä ÚÏÏ ÇáæÙÇÆÝ ÇáÎÏãíøÉ (æÙÇÆÝ ÇáÎÏãÇÊ) íÊäÇãì ÈÃßËÑ ãä 20 ãáíæä ÝÞØ ÎáÇá ÇáÓäæÇÊ ÇáÚÔÑ ÇáÞÇÏãÉ!

Now, would everybody please look at the handout I gave you,
ÇáÂä¡ ÝáíÊÝÖá ßáñ ãäßã ÈÇáäÙÑ Åáì ÇáßõÊíøÈ ÇáÐí ÃÚØíÊå áßã¡

which shows a list of the occupations that will grow the fastest between the years 2002 and 2012.
æÇáÐí íÙåÑ ÞÇÆãÉ ÈÇáãåä ÇáÊí ÓÊßæä ÇáÃÓÑÚ äãæÇð ÝíãÇ Èíä ÓäÉ 2002 æ 2012.

If you study the list carefully, you’ll see that most of the jobs on the list are in three categories:
Åä ÊÝÍÕÊã ÇáÞÇÆãÉ ÈÍÑÕ¡ ÓÊÑæä Ãä ÃßËÑ æÙÇÆÝ ÇáÞÇÆãÉ ÊÞÚ Öãä ËáÇË ÃÞÓÇã:

health care, computers, and personal care and services.
ÇáÚäÇíÉ ÇáÕÍíÉ¡ ÇáÍæÇÓíÈ¡ æÇáÚäÇíÉ ÇáÔÎÕíÉ æÇáÎÏãÇÊ.

Let me say a few words about each of these categories.
ÏÚæäí ÃÞõá ßáãÇÊò ÞáíáÉ áßá ãä åÐå ÇáÃÞÓÇã.

First, health care.
ÃæáÇð¡ ÇáÚäÇíÉ ÇáÕÍíÉ.

Almost half of the jobs on the list are in the field of health care.
ÍæÇáí äÕÝ ÇáæÙÇÆÝ Ýí ÇáÞÇÆãÉ åí Ýí Íá ÇáÚäÇíÉ ÇáÕÍíÉ.

Uh, medical assistants, physician assistants, phusical therapy aides, dental hygienists
ÇáãÓÇÚÏíä ÇáØÈííä¡ ãÓÇÚÏí ÇáÃØÈÇÁ¡ ãÓÇÚÏí ÇáÚáÇÌ ÇáØÈíÚí¡ ÕÍÉ ÇáÃÓäÇä

--these are just a few examples.
åÐå ÝÞØ äãÇÐÌ ÞáíáÉ.

According to the U.S. Department of Labor,
æÇÚÊãÇÏÇð Úáì ÞÓã ÇáÚãÇáÉ ÇáÃãÑíßíÉ¡

the number of health care jobs will increase by almost 3 million in the next ten years.
ÝÅä ÚÏÏ æÙÇÆÝ ÇáÚäÇíÉ ÇáÕÍíÍÉ ÓíÒÏÇÏ ÈÍæÇáí 3 ãáíæä Ýí ÇáÚÔÑ ÓäæÇÊ ÇáÞÇÏãÉ.

And why is that?
æáãó Ðáß¿

Simple. We’re going to need more medical services because people are living longer and longer.
ÈÈÓÇØÉ. äÍä ãÞÈáæä Úáì ÇÍÊíÇÌ ÇáÎÏãÇÊ ÇáØÈíÉ áÃä ÇáÂä íÚíÔæä ÃØæá æÃØæá.

Also, because of developments in medical technology,
ÃíÖÇð¡ áÃä ÈÓÈÈ ÇáÊØæÑÇÊ Ýí ÇáÊÞäíÉ ÇáØÈíÉ¡

people with serious illnesses are able to live much longer than they could in the past.
ÇáäÇÓ ÇáÐí íÚÇäæä ãä ÃãÑÇÖ ÎØíÑÉ ÕÇÑÊ áÏíåã ÇáÞÇÈáÉ ááÚíÔ ÃßËÑ ãä ãÇßÇäæÇ Úáíå Ýí ÇáãÇÖí.

And many of them need a lot of special care and medical help.
æÇáÚÏíÏ ãäåã íÍÊÇÌæä Åáì ÇáßËíÑ ãä ÇáÚäÇíÉ ÇáÎÇÕÉ æÇáãÓÇÚÏÉ ÇáØÈíÉ.

All right, now, getting back to the list,
ÍÓäÇð¡ ÇáÂä¡ áäÚÏ Åáì ÇáÞÇÆãÉ¡

you can see that there will be many new jobs related to computers.
íãßäß ÑÄíÉ Ãäå ÓÊßæä åäÇáß ÇáÚÏíÏ ãä ÇáæÙÇÆÝ ÇáãÊÚáÞÉ ÈÇáÍæÇÓíÈ.

We’re going to need people who can design and build computers,
ÓäÍÊÇÌ Åáì ÃõäÇÓò íÓÊØíÚæä ÊÕãíã æÈäÇÁ ÇáÍæÇÓíÈ¡

like engineers, but in addition, there will be lots of jobs for people who manage and operate computers,
ãËá ÇáãåäÏÓíä¡ áßä ÈÇáÅÖÇÝÉ áÐáß¡ ÓÊßæä åäÇß ÇáßËíÑ ãä ÇáæÙÇÆÝ áÃõäÇÓò íÏíÑæä æíÔÛáæä ÇáÍæÇÓíÈ¡

like database administrators.
ãËá ãÏÑÇÁ ÞæÇÚÏ ÇáÈíÇäÇÊ.

As you know, computers are used in everything these days from rockets to coffe machines,
æßãÇ ÊÚáãæä¡ ÝÅä ÇáÍæÇÓíÈ ÊÓÊÎÏã Ýí ßá ÔíÁ åÐå ÇáÃíÇã ãä ÇáÕæÇÑíÎ ÍÊì ÂáÇÊ ÕäÚ ÇáÞåæÉ¡

so it’s no surprise that the number of jobs in the computer industry is expected to grow by almost 30 percent in the next ten years.
áÐÇ ÝÅäå áíÓ ãÝÇÌÆÇð ÈÃä ÃÚÏÇÏ ÇáæÙÇÆÝ Ýí ÇáÕäÇÚÉ ÇáÍÇÓæÈíÉ íõÊæÞÚ áåÇ Çáäãæ ÈÃßËÑ ãä 30% Ýí ÇáÚÔÑ ÓäæÇÊ ÇáÞÇÏãÉ.

Now let me explain the third category personal care services.
ÇáÂä ÏÚæäí ÃæÖÍ áßã ÇáÞÓã ÇáËÇáË æÇáÐí åæ ÎÏãÇÊ ÇáÚäÇíÉ ÇáÔÎÕíÉ.

Some examples of jobs in this group are caterers,
ÈÚÖ ÇáäãÇÐÌ ááæÙÇÆÝ Ýí åÐå ÇáãÌãæÚÉ åí ãõÊÚåÏí ÇáÍÝáÇÊ (ãÊÚåÏ ÊÞÏíã ÇáØÚÇã)¡

home health workers, and day care providers.
ÚãÇá ÇáÕÍÉ ÇáãäÒáíÉ¡ æãÞÏãí ÇáÚäÇíÉ ÇáÕÈÇÍíÉ.

One reason for the huge growth in this category is that most women now work outside the home.
ÃÍÏ ÃÓÈÇÈ Çáäãæ ÇáåÇÆá Ýí åÐÇ ÇáÞÓã åæ Ãä ÃÛáÈ ÇáäÓÇÁ ÇáÂä ÊÚãá ÎÇÑÌ ÇáãäÒá.

So a lot of the work that women used to do in the home,
áÐÇ ÝÅä ÛÇáÈ ÇáÚãá ÇáÐí ÇÚÊÇÏÊ ÇáäÓÇÁ ÇáÞíÇã Èå ÏÇÎá ÇáãäÒá¡

like ****************ing and taking care of small children,
ãËá ÇáØÈÎ æÇáÚäÇíÉ ÈÇáÃØÝÇá ÇáÕÛÇÑ¡

is now done by service workers.
ÇáÂä íÊã ÚÈÑ ÚãÇá ÇáÎÏãÇÊ.

OK, now, while we’re looking at the list there’s one more thing I’d like you to notice.
ÍÓäÇð ÇáÂä¡ æäÍä äÑì Åáì ÇáÞÇÆãÉ åäÇß ÔíÁ ÂÎÑ Ãæ Ãä Ãäæå Úáíå.

Look at all the jobs that have a salary rank of 1. OK?
ÇäÙÑæÇ Åáì ÇáæÙÇÆÝ ÇáÊí áåÇ ãÑÊÈ ãä ÇáÑõÊÈÉ 1. ÍÓäÇð¿

And what do you notice about the educational requirements for those jobs?
ãÇÐÇ ÊáÇÍÙæä Íæá ÇáãÓÊáÒãÇÊ ÇáÊÚáíãíÉ áåÐå ÇáæÙÇÆÝ¿

That’s right. They all require at least a Bechelor of Arts degree.
Ðáß ÕÍíÍ. ßáåÇ ÊÓÊáÒã Úáì ÇáÃÞá ÏÑÌÉ ÇáÈßÇáæÑíæÓ.

So in conclusion,
áÐÇ æÝí ÇáÎÊÇã¡

let me go back to the two questions I mentioned at the beginning of this talk.
ÏÚæäí ÃÚæÏ Èßã Åáì ÇáÓÄÇáíä ÇáÐíä ØÑÍÊåãÇ Ýí ÈÏÇíÉ åÐÇ ÇáÍÏíË.

First, where will the good jobs be?
ÃæáÇð¡ Ãíä ÓÊßæä ÇáæÙíÝÉ ÇáÌíÏÉ¿

We’ve seen today that the areas of greatest growth will be in the fields of computers,
äÑì Çáíæã Ãä ãäÇØÞ Çáäãæ ÇáßÈíÑ Óíßæä Ýí ÍÞæá ÇáÍæÇÓíÈ¡

healthcare, and personal services.
ÇáÚäÇíÉ ÇáÕÍíÉ¡ æÇáÎÏãÇÊ ÇáÔÎÕíÉ.

If you still haven’t decided which career you want to follow,
Åä áã ÊÞÑÑ ÈÚÏ Ãí æÙíÝÉ ÊÑíÏ Ãä ÊÊÈÚåÇ¡

you should think about getting a job in one of these fields.
Úáíß Ãä ÊÝßÑ ÈÇáÍÕæá Úáì æÙíÝÉ Ýí ÃÍÏ åÐå ÇáÍÞæá.

However, it’s important to remember that many services jobs don’t pay very well.
ãÚ Ðáß¡ ãä Çáãåã Ãä ÊÐßÑ Ãä ÇáÚÏíÏ ãä æÙÇÆÝ ÇáÎÏãÇÊ áÇ ÊÚæÏ ãÇÏíÇð ÈÔßá ÌíÏ.

The best jobs all require a college education.
ÃÝÖá ÇáæÙÇÆÝ ÌãíÚåÇ ÊÓÊáÒã ÊÚáíãÇð ÌÇãÚíÇð.

So the answer to the second question
áÐÇ ÝÅä ÇáÅÌÇÈÉ Úáì ÇáÓÄÇá ÇáËÇäí

--how you can prepare yourself to get a good job--
--ßíÝ íãßä áß Ãä ÊõÚÏ äÝÓß ááÍÕæá Úáì æÙíÝÉ ÌíÏÉ--

the answer is simple.
ÇáÌæÇÈ ÈÓíØ.

Go to college and get a degree.
ÇÐåÈ ááÌÇãÚÉ æÇÍÕá Úáì ÏÑÌÉ (ÔåÇÏÉ ÌÇãÚíÉ).

That’s the bottom line.
åÐÇ åæ ÈíÊ ÇáÞÕíÏ.


ááÅÓÊãÇÚ 04.rar
 
ÞÏíã 2016- 3- 24   #6
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ãõÊãíÒÉ ÈÇáãÓÊæì E7
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 248282
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Sun Dec 2015
ÇáÚãÑ: 35
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 1,690
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 15824
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 66
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÛíÑ ØÇáÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ÇáÇÓÊãÇÚ æÇáÊÍÏË

Passage
Chapter 5

Changes in The American Family
ÇáÊÛíÑÇÊ Ýí ÇáÚÇÆáÉ ÇáÃãÑíßíÉ



Have you ever seen the old television show Father Knows Best?
åá ÓÈÞ áß Ãä ÔÇåÏÊ ÇáÚÑÖ ÇáÊáÝÒíæäí "ÇáÃÈ ÃÏÑì" (ÈáåÌÊäÇ äÞæá: ÇáÃÈ ÃÈÎÕ)¿

You probably haven't because it was a popular comedy show in the 1950s-way before you were born.
ÇáÛÇáÈ Ãäß áã ÊÝÚá áÃäå ßÇä ÚÑÖÇð ßæãíÏíÇð ãÔåæÑÇð Ýí ÇáÎãÓíäÇÊ ÞÈá Ãä ÊæáÏ.

It was about a family: a father , who went to work every day;
æåæ Úä ÚÇÆáÉ: ÇáÃÈ ÇáÐí íÐåÈ ááÚãá ßá íæãº

a mother, who stayed home and took care of the house;
ÇáÃã ÇáÊí ÊÈÞì Ýí ÇáãäÒá æÊÚÊäí ÈÇáÈíʺ

and the children-two or three , I can't remember.
æÇáÃØÝÇá - ÇËäÇä Ãæ ËáÇËÉ áæ ÃÚÏ ÃÊÐßÑ.

Anyway, in those days that was considered to be a typical American family.
Úáì ÃíÉ ÍÇá¡ Ýí Êáß ÇáÃíÇã Ðáß ßÇä íÚÊÈÑ ãËÇá Úáì ÇáÚÇÆáÉ ÇáÃãÑíßíÉ ÇáäãæÐÌíÉ.

But today, the American family is very different.
áßä Çáíæã¡ ÇáÚÇÆáÉ ÇáÃãÑíßíÉ ãÎÊáÝÉ ÊãÇãÇð.

First , families are smaller today than before.
ÃæáÇð¡ ÇáÚæÇÆá ÈÇÊÊ ÃÕÛÑ ãä ÞÈá.

I mean, people are having fewer children.
ÃÚäí¡ Ãä ÇáäÇÓ áÏíåã ÃØÝÇá ÃÞá.

Second, more and more children are growing up in single-parent families-families with only a mother or only a father.
ËÇäíÇð¡ ÇáããÒíÏ ãä ÇáÃØÝÇá íäãæä Ýí ÚæÇÆá ãä æáí ÃãÑ æÇÍÏ - æåí ÇáÚæÇÆá ÇáÊí Êßæä ÝíåÇ ÇáÃã ÝÞØ Ãæ ÇáÃÈ ÝÞØ.

I'm not going to go into the reasons for that here because I want to focus on the third and biggest change in the American family:
áä ÃÏÎá Ýí ÃÓÈÇÈ Ðáß åäÇ áßäí ÃÑíÏ Ãä ÃÑßÒ Úáì ÇáÊÛíÑ ÇáËÇáË æÇáÃßÈÑ Ýí ÇáÚÇÆáÉ ÇáÃãÑíßíÉ:

the role of married mothers and the effects of this new role.
ÏæÑ ÇáÃãåÇÊ ÇáãÊÒæÌÇÊ æÊÃËíÑÇÊ åÐÇ ÇáÏæÑ ÇáÌÏíÏ.

Consider these statistics: In the 1950s, only 11 percent of married mothers worked outside the home.
ÊÃãá åÐå ÇáÅÍÕÇÆíÇÊ: Ýí ÇáÎãÓíäÇÊ ÝÞØ 11% ãä ÇáÃãåÇÊ ÇáãÊÒæÌÇÊ ßõäøó íÚãáä ÎÇÑÌ ÇáãäÒá.

In 2002 , about 70 percent of mothers were employed.
Ýí 2002¡ ÍæÇáí 70% ãä ÇáÃãåÇÊ ßõäøó ãÊæÙÝÇÊ.

Why is that? Well, there are two important reasons why most American women now work.
áãø Ðáß¿ ÍÓäÇð¡ åäÇß ÓÈÈíä ãåãíä áÚãá ÇáäÓÇÁ ÇáÃãÑíßíÇÊ ÇáÂä.

The first one, very simply, is that they need the money.
Ãæá ÓÈÈ¡ æÈßá ÈÓÇØÉ¡ Ãäåä íÍÊÌä ááãÇá.

These days the cost of living is so high that most families need two pay checks in order to make ends meet.
åÐå ÇáÃíÇã ÊßÇáíÝ ÇáãÚíÔÉ ÃÕÈÍÊ ãÑÊÝÚÉ ÌÏÇð ããÇ íÌÚá ÛÇáÈ ÇáÚæÇÆá ãÍÊÇÌ áÃä íÊÍãá ÚÈÁ ÇáãÕÇÑíÝ ÇËäÇä ãä ÃÌá ÊáÈíÉ ÇáÇÍÊíÇÌÇÊ.

The other reason why women are working in larger and larger numbers is that they have more opportunities than they did 30 or 40 years ago.
ÇáÓÈÈ ÇáÂÎÑ áÚãá ÇáäÓÇÁ ÈÃÚÏÇÏ ÃßÈÑ æÃßÈÑ åæ Ãäå ÃÕÈÍÊ áÏíåä ÝÑÕ ÃßËÑ ããÇ ßÇä ÞÈá 30 Ãæ 40 ÚÇã.

There are laws in the United States that give women the same opportunity as men to go to college and get jobs.
åäÇß ÞæÇäíä Ýí ÇáæáÇíÇÊ ÇáãÊÍÏÉ æÇáÊí ÊÚØí ááäÓÇÁ äÝÓ ÇáÝÑÕ ÓæÇÁð ÈÇáÑÌÇá Ýí ÇáÐåÇÈ ááßáíÇÊ æÇáÍÕæá Úáì ÇáæÙÇÆÝ.

As a result, women today are working in professions that were not as open to them 30 or 40 years ago.
æäÊíÌÉð áÐáß¡ ÝÅä ÇáäÓÇÁ Çáíæã íÚãáä Ýí ãåä áã Êßä ãÊÇÍÉ áåä ÞÈá 30 Ãæ 40 ÚÇã.

To give just one example, today more than half the students in American medical schools are women.
áÅÚØÇÁ ãËÇá Úáì Ðáß¡ Çáíæã ÃßËÑ ãä äÕÝ ÇáØáÈÉ Ýí ãÏÇÑÓ ÇáØÈ ÇáÃãÑíßíÉ äÓÇÁ.

So, to summarize so far, we’ve seen that the American family has changed dramatically since the days of those old television shows.
áÐÇ¡ æáÊáÎíÕ ãÇ ÞáäÇå Åáì ÍÏ ÇáÂä¡ ÑÃíäÇ Ãä ÇáÚÇÆáÉ ÇáÃãÑíßíÉ ÊÛíÑÊ ÌÐÑíÇð ãäÐ ÃíÇã Êáß ÇáÚÑæÖ ÇáÊáÝÒíæäíÉ ÇáÞÏíãÉ.

In the typical family both the father and the mother have jobs.
Ýí ÇáÚÇÆáÉ ÇáäãæÐÌíÉ ÝÅä ßáÇð ãä ÇáÃÈ æÇáÃã íÏåã æÙÇÆÝ.

This means that most American homes don’t have a full-time homemaker anymore, and that creates new problems for families, such as who takes care of babies and old people;
ãÇ íÚäí Ãä ÃÛáÈ ÇáÈíæÊ ÇáÃãÑíßíÉ áã íÚÏ áÏíåÇ ãÏÈÑÉ ãäÒá ØæÇá ÇáæÞÊ¡ ãÇ íÎáÞ ãÔÇßá ÌÏíÏÉ ááÚæÇÆá¡ ãËá ãä íÚÊäí ÈÇáÕÛÇÑ æßÈÇÑ ÇáÓäº

who shops, ****************s, and cleans; who volunteers at the children’s school and so on.
ãä íÊÈÖÚ¡ íØÈΡ æíäÙݺ ãä íÊØæÚ Ýí ãÏÇÑÓ ÇáÃØÝÇá æåßÐÇ.

To help families with working parents deal with these new problems,
áãÓÇÚÏÉ ÇáÚæÇÆá ÇáÊí ÈåÇ æÇáÏíä íÚãáÇä æíÊÚÇØíÇä ãÚ åÐå ÇáãÔÇßá ÇáÌÏíÏÉ¡

some American businesses have introduced new programs and policies to make it easier to work and raise children at the same time.
ÝÅä ÈÚÖ ÇáÔÑßÇÊ ÞÏãÊ ÈÑÇãÌ æÓíÇÓÇÊ ÌÏíÏÉ áÌÚá ãä ÇáÃÓåá ÇáÚãá æÊÑÈíÉ ÇáÃØÝÇá Ýí äÝÓ ÇáæÞÊ.

Let me give you five examples of these policies and programs.
ÏÚæäí ÃÚØíßã ÎãÓ ÃãËáÉ Úáì åÐå ÇáÓíÇÓÇÊ æÇáÈÑÇãÌ.

The first policy is paid maternity leave.
ÇáÓíÇÓÉ ÇáÃæáì åí ÊÞÏíã ÅÌÇÒÉ ÇáÃãæãÉ.

What we’re talking about is a woman taking time off from work when she has a baby.
ãÇ äÊÍÏË Úäå åæ ÃÎÐ ÇáãÑÃÉ áÅÌÇÒÉ ãä ÇáÚãá ÚäÏãÇ ÊáÏ ØÝáÇ.

American law requires companies to give a woman up to 12 weeks of leave when she has a baby.
ÇáÞÇäæä ÇáÃãÑíßí íáÒã ÇáÔÑßÇÊ Úáì ÅÚØÇÁ ÇáãÑÃÉ ÅÌÇÒÉ ÊÕá áÜ12 ÃÓÈæÚ ÚäÏãÇ ÊáÏ ØÝáÇð.

But the problem is that the companies aren’t required to pay for those 12 weeks.
áßä ÇáãÔßáÉ åí Ãä ÇáÔÑßÇÊ áÇ íÊã ÅáÒÇãåÇ ÈÇáÏÝÚ Ýí Êáß ÇáÃÓÇÈíÚ ÇáÜ12.

As a result, many women are forced to go back to work much sooner than they want to.
æßäÊíÌÉ áÐáß¡ ÇáÚÏíÏ ãä ÇáäÓÇÁ ÊÌÈÑ Úáì ÇáÚæÏÉ ááÚãá Ýí ÃÓÑÚ æÞÊ ããßä ãÞÇÑäÉ ÈÇáæÞÊ ÇáÐí íÑöÏäå.

Recently some companies, at least the big ones, have started to offer paid maternity leave.
æãÄÎÑÇð ÝÅä ÈÚÖ ÇáÔÑßÇÊ¡ Úáì ÇáÃÞá ÇáßÈíÑÉ ãäåÇ¡ ÈÏÃÊ Ýí ÊæÝíÑ ÅÌÇÒÉ ÃãæãÉ ãÏÝæÚÉ.

But it’s still kind of rare.
áßäåÇ ãÇ ÊÒÇá ÍÇáÇÊ äÇÏÑÉ.

By the way, a small percentage of companies now also offer paternity leave
æÝíãÇ íÎÕ Ðáß¡ ÝÅä äÓÈÉ ÞáíáÉ ãä ÇáÔÑßÇÊ ÇáÂä ßÐáß ÊæÝÑ ÅÌÇÒÉ ÃõÈæøóÉ.

--that means that fathers can take time off for a new baby.
Ðáß íÚäí Ãäå íãßä ááÂÈÇÁ Ãä íÍÕáæÇ Úáì ÅÌÇÒÉ ááãæáæÏ ÇáÌÏíÏ.

I would like to see a law that requires all companies to give paid leave to both mothers and fathers for a new baby.
Ãæ ÑÄíÉ ÞÇäæä íáÒã ßá ÇáÔÑßÇÊ Úáì ÅÚØÇÁ ÅÌÇÒÉ ãÏÝæÚÉ áßá ãä ÇáÂÈÇÁ æÇáÃãåÇÊ ááãæáæÏ ÇáÌÏíÏ.

Canada, for instance, already has a law like that.
ßäÏÇ¡ Úáì ÓÈíá ÇáãËÇá¡ ÍÇáíÇð áÏíåÇ ãËá Ðáß ÇáÞÇäæä.

OK, moving along, here’s another example of a policy that helps working families.
ÍÓäÇð¡ æÇÓÊØÑÇÏÇð Ýí ÇáÍÏíË¡ åäÇ ãËÇá ÂÎÑ Úáì ÓíÇÓÉ ÊÓÇÚÏ ÇáÚÇÆáÇÊ ÇáÚÇãáÉ.

As you know, big companies like IBM or General Motors often transfer their employees to other cities, right?
ÝßãÇ ÊÚáãæä ÝÅä ÇáÔÑßÇÊ ÇáßÈíÑÉ ãËá Âí Èí Åã æÌíäíÑÇá ãæÊæÑÒ ÚÇÏÉ ãÇ ÊäÞá ãæÙÝíåÇ Åáì ãÏä ÃÎÑì¡ ÕÍíÍ¿

Well, if a company transfers the husband, for instance,
ÍÓäÇð¡ ÝÅä äÞáÊ ÔÑßÉ ÇáÒæÌ¡ Úáì ÓÈíá ÇáãËÇá¡

this might create a problem for the wife because now she has to find a new job too.
åÐÇ ÞÏ íäÔÆ ãÔßáÉ ááÒæÌÉ áÃäå ÚáíåÇ Ãä ÊÈÍË Úä æÙíÝÉ ÌÏíÏÉ ÃíÖÇ.

So now there are companies that will help the husband or wife of the transferred worker find a new job.
áÐÇ ÝÅäå ÊæÌÏ ÇáÂä ÔÑßÇÊ ÓÊÓÇÚÏ ÇáÒæÌ Ãæ ÇáÒæÌÉ ááÚÇãá ÇáãäÞæá Úáì ÅíÌÇÏ æÙíÝÉ ÌÏíÏÉ.

A third policy that many companies now offer is called "flextime".
ÇáÓíÇÓÉ ÇáËÇáËÉ æÇáÊí ÊæÝÑåÇ ÇáÚÏíÏ ãä ÇáÔÑßÇÊ íØáÞ ÚáíåÇ "ÃæÞÇÊ ÇáÚãá ÇáãÑäÉ".

Here’s what that means.
æåÐÇ åæ ãÚäÇåÇ.

In the United States, a normal workday is from 9 A.M. until 5 P.M.--eight hours.
Ýí ÇáæáÇíÇÊ ÇáãÊÍÏÉ ÝÅä ÃæÞÇÊ ÇáÚãá ÇáÇÚÊíÇÏíÉ åí ãä ÇáÊÇÓÚÉ ÕÈÍÇð ÍÊì ÇáÎÇãÓÉ ãÓÇÁ -- ËãÇä ÓÇÚÇÊ.

With flextime, workers can choose the hour that they start work in the morning and can go home after eight hours.
ãÚ æÞÊ ÇáÚãá ÇáãÑä¡ ÇáÚãÇá íãßäåã ÇÎÊíÇÑ ÇáÓÇÚÉ ÇáÊí íÈÏÃæä ÈåÇ ÇáÚãá Ýí ÇáÕÈÇÍ æíãßäåã ÇáÐåÇÈ Åáì ÇáãäÒá ÈÚÏ 8 ÓÇÚÇÊ.

So, for instance, a worker who comes in at 7 can leave at 3.
áÐÇ¡ æÚáì ÓÈíá ÇáãËÇá¡ ÇáÚÇãá ÇáÐí íÃÊí Ýí ÇáÓÇÈÚÉ íãßäå ÇáãÛÇÏÑÉ Ýí ÇáËÇáËÉ.

Or a worker can come in at 10 and leave at 6.
Ãæ Ãä ÇáÚÇãá íãßäå ÇáãÌíÁ Ýí ÇáÚÇÔÑÉ æÇáãÛÇÏÑÉ Ýí ÇáÓÇÏÓÉ.

You can imagine how useful this flexibility is for people who have children.
íãßäß ÊÎíá ßã åæ ãÝíÏ "æÞÊ ÇáÚãá ÇáãÑä" ááäÇÓ ÇáÐíä áÏíåã ÃØÝÇá.

The fourth change I want to describe is telecommuting.
ÇáÊÛíÑ ÇáÑÇÈÚ æÇáÐí ÃÑíÏ ÊæÖíÍå áßã åæ ÇáÚãá ãä ÈÚÏ.

Or sometimes we say "teleworking.'
Ãæ ÃÍíÇäÇð äÞæá "ÇáÚãá Úä ÈÚÏ".


With telecommuting, people work at home and use the computer or phone to communicate with their workplace.
ãÚ ÇáÚãá Úä ÈÚÏ¡ ÇáäÇÓ íÚãáæä Ýí ÇáãäÒá æíÓÊÎÏãæä ÇáÍÇÓÈ Ãæ ÇáåÇÊÝ ááÊæÇÕá ãÚ ãßÇä Úãáåã.

It’s estimated that about 15 percent of the U.S. workforce telecommutes now.
æÍÓÈ ÇáÊÞÏíÑÇÊ ÝÅä 15% ãä ÞæÉ ÇáÚãá ÇáÃãÑíßíÉ åí Úä ÈÚÏ ÇáÂä.

But the percentage is growing all the time because it saves people time and money.
ÅáÇ Ãä åÐå ÇáäÓÈÉ Êäãæ ØæÇá ÇáæÞÊ áÃäåÇ ÊæÝÑ æÞÊ ÇáäÇÓ æÃãæÇáåã.

And if parents are allowed to work at home, their children might not have to spend as much time in child care.
æÅä ßÇä ãÓãæÍÇð ááæÇáÏíä ÈÇáÚãá ãä ÇáãäÒá¡ ÝÅä ÃØÝÇáåã ÞÏ áÇ íáÒãåã ÞÖÇÁ ÃæÞÇÊò ßËíÑÉ Ýí ãÑßÒ ÇáÚäÇíÉ ÈÇáØÝá.

And speaking of child care, the fifth program offered by many of the best companies is day care;
æÈÇáÍÏíË Úä ãÑßÒ ÑÚÇíÉ ÇáØÝá¡ ÝÅä ÇáÈÑäÇãÌ ÇáÎÇãÓ ÇáÐí ÊæÝÑå ÇáÚÏíÏ ãä ÃÝÖá ÇáÔÑßÇÊ åæ ÇáÚäÇíÉ ÇáÕÈÇÍíɺ

that is, some companies have day care centers at the office where trained people take care of the employee’s children.
æÇáÐí ÊãÊáß Ýíå ÈÚÖ ÇáÔÑßÇÊ ãÑÇßÒ ÚäÇíÉ ÕÈÇÍíÉ Ýí ÇáãßÊÈ ÍíË íÚÊäí ÃÔÎÇÕ ãÏÑÈæä ÈÃØÝÇá ÇáãæÙÝíä.

This means workers come to work with their young children,
ãÇ íÚäí Ãä ÇáÚÇãáíä íÃÊæä Åáì ÇáÚãá ãÚ ÃØÝÇáåã ÇáÕÛÇÑ¡

leave them at the center, and can visit them during lunch or whatever.
íÊÑßæäåã Ýí ÇáãÑßÒ¡ æíãßä áåã ÒíÇÑÊåã ÃËäÇÁ ÝÊÑÉ ÇáÛÏÇÁ Ãæ Ãí ÝÊÑÉ.

Then the parents and kids drive home together at the end of the day.
Ëã íÚæÏ ÇáæÇáÏíä ãÚ ÃØÝÇáåã Åáì ÇáãäÒá ãÚÇð Ýí äåÇíÉ Çáíæã.

With day care at work, parents don’t need to worry about their kids because they’re right there.
ãÚ ÇáÚäÇíÉ ÇáÕÈÇÍíÉ Ýí ÇáÚãá¡ ÝÅä ÇáæÇáÏíä áÇ íÍÊÇÌÇä ááÞáÞ Íæá ÃØÝÇáåã áÃäåã ãÚåã åäÇß.

OK, let me review what I’ve been talking about.
ÍÓäÇð¡ ÏÚæäí ÃÓÊÚÑÖ ãÇ ÞÏ ÊÍÏËÊ Úäå.

I’ve given you five examples of company policies and programs that make life a little easier for working mothers and fathers.
ÃÚØíÊßã ÎãÓ ÃãËáÉ Úáì ÓíÇÓÇÊ æÈÑÇãÌ ÇáÔÑßÇÊ áÌÚá ÇáÍíÇÉ ÃÓåá ÞáíáÇð ááÃãåÇÊ æÇáÂÈÇÁ ÇáÚÇãáíä.

But it’s important for me to tell you that only some large companies can afford these kinds of programs.
áßäå ãåã ÈÇáäÓÈÉ áí Ãä ÃÎÈÑßã Ãäå ÝÞØ Þáíá ãä ÇáÔÑßÇÊ íãßä áåÇ Ãä ÊÞÏã ãËá åÐå ÇáÃäæÇÚ ãä ÇáÈÑÇãÌ.


ááÅÓÊãÇÚ 05.rar
 
ÞÏíã 2016- 3- 24   #7
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ãõÊãíÒÉ ÈÇáãÓÊæì E7
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 248282
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Sun Dec 2015
ÇáÚãÑ: 35
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 1,690
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 15824
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 66
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÛíÑ ØÇáÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ÇáÇÓÊãÇÚ æÇáÊÍÏË


Passage

Chapter 6
Customs Around the World
ÇáÃÚÑÇÝ Íæá ÇáÚÇáã


Good afternoon, class.
ÚãÊã ãÓÇÁð ÃíøõåÇ ÇáÝÕá.

I want to start today by telling you a little story.
ÃæÏ Ãä ÃÈÏà Çáíæã ÈÅÎÈÇÑßã ÞÕÉð ÕÛíÑÉ.

Once there was a young woman from Mexico named Consuela who came to New York to work.
ßÇäÊ åäÇáß ÇãÑÃÉ ÔÇÈÉ ãä ÇáãßÓíß ÊõÏÚì ßæäÓæíáÇ æÇáÊí ÞÏãÊ áäíæíæÑß ááÚãá.

And she got a job at a factory owned by a man from Taiwan.
æÞÏ ÍÕáÊ Úáì æÙíÝÉ Ýí ãÕäÚ íãáßå ÑÌáñ ãä ÊÇíæÇä.

One day, when Consuela came to work, her Taiwanese boss handed her a red envelope.
Ýí íæãò ãä ÇáÃíÇã¡ æÍíä ßÇäÊ ßæäÓæíáÇ ÞÇÏãÉð Åáì ÇáÚãá¡ ÓáãåÇ ÑÆíÓåÇ ÇáÊÇíæÇäí ãÙÑæÝÇð ÃÍãÑ.

She looked inside and saw $50.
äÙÑÊ Åáì ÏÇÎáå ÝæÌÏÊ 50 ÏæáÇÑ.

And what do you think she did?
ÝãÇÐÇ ÊÊæÞÚ ÃäåÇ ÝÚáÊ¿

She became very upset and threw the envelope back at him!
ÃÕÈÍÊ ãÊÖÇíÞÉ ÌÏÇð æÑãÊ ÇáãÙÑæÝ Úáíå!

Of course her boss was totally shocked.
ÈÇáÊÃßíÏ ÝÅä ÑÆíÓåÇ ÃÕíÈ ÈÕÏãÉ ßÇãáÉ.

Can you guess why?
åá áß Ãä ÊÊæÞÚ áãÇÐÇ¿

Well, he had given her the red envelope and the money because it was the Chinese New Year It’s traditional to give money to young, single people for good luck.
ÍÓäÇð¡ åæ ÃÚØÇåÇ ÇáãÙÑæÝ ÇáÃÍãÑ æÇáãÇá áÃäåÇ ÇáÓäÉ ÇáÕíäíÉ ÇáÌÏíÏÉ Åäå ãä ÇáÊÞÇáíÏ ÅÚØÇÁ ÇáãÇá ááÔÈÇÈ ÇáÚÒÇÈ ãä ÃÌá ÇáÍÙ ÇáÓÚíÏ.

But Consuela didn’t know about this Chinese custom.
ÅáÇ Ãä ßæäÓæíáÇ áÇ ÊÚÑÝ åÐÇ ÇáÚÑÝ ÇáÕíäí.

She was very insulted and refused to take the money.
ÝÞÏ ÔÚÑÊ ÈÇáÅåÇäÉ æÑÝÖÊ ÃÎÐ ÇáãÇá.

Now, what does this story show us? What’s the point? Yes?
ÇáÂä¡ ãÇÐÇ ÊÙåÑ áäÇ åÐå ÇáÞÕÉ¿ ãÇåí ÇáÛÇíÉ¿ äÚã¿

Student:
ØÇáÈ:

it shows that an action can have totally opposite meanings in different cultures.
ÅäåÇ ÊÙåÑ ÈÃä ÝÚáÇð ãÇ ÞÏ íÍãá ãÚäðì ãÚÇßÓ ÊãÇãÇð Ýí ËÞÇÝÇÊò ÃÎÑì.

Like in this case, the boss thought he was being generous, but Consuela was insulted.
ãËá ãÇåæ Ýí åÐå ÇáÍÇáÉ¡ ÇáÑÆíÓ ÇÚÊÞÏ ÈÃäå ßÇä ßÑíãÇ¡ áßä ßæäÓæíáÇ ÔÚÑÊ ÈÇáÅåÇäÉ.

Lecturer:
ÇáãõÍÇÖÑ:

exactly. Every culture has its own rules for appropriate and inappropriate behavior.
ÈÇáÖÈØ. ßá ËÞÇÝÉ áåÇ ÞæÇÚÏåÇ ÇáÎÇÕÉ ÈåÇ ááÓáæß ÇáãÑÛæÈ æÛíÑ ÇáãÑÛæÈ.

And serious misunderstandings, like the one with Consuela and her boss, can occur if we don’t know other people’s cultural “rules”.
æÓæÁ ÇáÝåã ÇáÎØíÑ¡ ãËá ÇáÐí ÍÕá ãÚ ßæäÓæíáÇ æÑÆíÓåÇ¡ íãßä Ãä íÍÏË Åä áã äßä äÚÑÝ ÞæÇÚÏ ËÞÇÝÇÊ ÇáÂÎÑíä.

Um, to illustrate this point, I’d like to offer some examples from 4 areas.
áÊæÖíÍ åÐå ÇáäÞØÉ¡ Ãæ Ãä ÃÚÑÖ ÈÚÖ ÇáäãÇÐÌ ãä 4 ãäÇØÞ.

First the way people greet each other in different cultures.
ÃæáÇð ÇáÃÓáæÈ ÇáÐí íÍíí ÇáäÇÓ Èå ÈÚÖåã ÇáÈÚÖ Ýí ÇáËÞÇÝÇÊ ÇáãÎÊáÝÉ.

OK… Second, the way they use their names and titles.
ÍÓäÇð... ËÇäíÇð ÇáÃÓáæÈ ÇáÐí íÓÊÚãáæä Èå ÃÓãÇÁåã æÃáÞÇÈåã.

Third, the way they eat.
ËÇáËÇð ÃÓáæÈ Ãßáåã.

And finally the way they exchange gifts. All right?
æÃÎíÑÇð ÃÓáæÈ ÊÈÇÏáåã ááåÏÇíÇ. ÍÓäÇð¿

So let’s start with greeting customs – I mean how people behave when they say hello.
áÐÇ åíÇ ÈäÇ äÈÏà ãÚ ÃÚÑÇÝ ÇáÊÑÍíÈ -- ÃÚäí ßíÝ íÊÕÑÝ ÇáäÇÓ Ííä íÞæáæä ãÑÍÈÇ.

First of all, I’m sure you know that in the United States, greeting often involves some sort of touching, such as a hand shake, a hug, or a kiss if the people know each other very well.
ÃæáÇð¡ ÃäÇ ãÊÃßÏ ÈÃäß ÊÚÑÝ ÈÃäå Ýí ÇáæáÇíÇÊ ÇáãÊÍÏÉ ÇáÊÍíÉ ÚÇÏÉ ÊÊÖãä äæÚÇð ãä ÇáãáÇãÓÉ¡ ãËá ÇáãÕÇÝÍÉ¡ ÍÖä¡ Ãæ ÞÈáÉ Åä ßÇä ÇáäÇÓ íÚÑÝæä ÈÚÖåã ÈÚÖÇ ÌíÏÇð.

And most Western countries are similar to United States in this way.
æÛÇáÈ ÇáÈáÇÏ ÇáÛÑÈíÉ ãÔÇÈåÉ ááæáÇíÇÊ ÇáãÊÍÏÉ ÈåÐÇ ÇáÃÓáæÈ.

Also, did you know that people from France kiss almost everyone on the cheek, even strangers?
ßÐáß¡ åá ÊÚáã ÈÃä ÇáäÇÓ Ýí ÝÑäÓÇ íÞÈøáæä ÊÞÑíÈÇð ßá ÃÍÏ Úáì ÎÏå¡ ÍÊì ÇáÛÑÈÇÁ¿

On the other hand, people from Asian countries don’t feel comfortable touching in public.
Úáì ÇáÕÚíÏ ÇáÂÎÑ¡ ÇáäÇÓ Ýí ÇáÈáÇÏ ÇáÂÓíæíÉ áÇ íÔÚÑæä ÈÇáÇÑÊíÇÍ ãä ÇáãáÇãÓÉ Ýí ÇáÃãÇßä ÇáÚÇãÉ.

I mean, it’s normal for businessman to shake hands; that’s true.
ÃÚäí¡ Ãäå ÃãÑ ÚÇÏí ÈÇáäÓÈÉ áÑÌÇá ÇáÃÚãÇá Ãä íÊÕÇÝÍæÇ¡ åÐÇ ÕÍíÍ.

But many traditional Japanese prefer a bow, while people from Thailand, for example, normally hold their hands together in a kind of prayer position.
áßä ÇáÚÏíÏ ãä ÇáÊÞÇáíÏ ÇáíÇÈÇäíÉ ÊÝÖá ÇáÇäÍäÇÁ¡ Ýí Ííä Ãä ÇáäÇÓ ãä ÊÇíáÇäÏÇ Úáì ÓÈíá ÇáãËÇá ÚÇÏÉ íÖãæÇ ÃíÇÏíåã ãÚÇð ÈÔßá íÔÈå æÖÚíÉ ÇáÏÚÇÁ.

Like this, you see.
ãËá åÐÇ¡ ÃÊÑì.

So imagine what would happen if an American was invited to someone’s home in Japan or Thailand and he or she tried to hug the host!
áÐÇ ÊÎíá ãÇáÐí ÓíÍÏË áæ Ãä ÃãÑíßíÇð ßÇä ãÏÚæÇð áãäÒá ÔÎÕ ãÇ ãä ÇáíÇÈÇä Ãæ ÊÇíáÇäÏ æåæ Ãæ åí ÍÇæá ÍÖä ÇáãõÖíÝ!
ÇáäÇÓ
It would be very embarrassing, right?
Óíßæä ÃãÑÇð ãÍÑÌÇð ááÛÇíÉ¡ ÕÍíÍ¿

And yet that behavior would be perfectly acceptable in the United States or Latin American.
æáÇ íÒÇá Ðáß ÇáÓáæß ãÞÈæáÇð ÊãÇãÇð Ýí ÇáæáÇíÇÊ ÇáãÊÍÏÉ æÃãÑíßÇ ÇááÇÊíäíÉ.

OK, now, another behavior that differs from culture to culture is the use of names.
ÍÓäÇð¡ ÇáÂä Óáæßñ ÂÎÑ íÎÊáÝ ãä ËÞÇÝÉ Åáì ËÞÇÝÉ åæ ÇÓÊÎÏÇã ÇáÃÓãÇÁ.

Maybe you’ve noticed that many Americans use people’s first names very freely, even if they’ve just met someone.
áÚáß áÇÍÙÊ Ãä ÇáÚÏíÏ ãä ÇáÃãÑíßÇä íÓÊÎÏãæä ÇáÃÓãÇÁ ÇáÃæáì ááÃÔÎÇÕ Èßá ÍÑíÉ¡ ÍÊì áæ Ãäåã ÞÇÈáæÇ ÔÎÕÇð ãÇ ááÊæ.

Some people even call their bosses by the first names.
ÈÚÖ ÇáÃÔÎÇÕ íäÇÏæä ÍÊì ÑÄÓÇÆåã ÈÃÓãÇÆåã ÇáÃæáì.

In contrast, people in most other cultures are more formal and prefer to use family names to address people, like “Mr. Martinez” or “Ms. Schultz.”
æÚáì ÇáäÞíÖ¡ ÇáäÇÓ Ýí ãÚÙã ÇáËÞÇÝÇÊ ÇáÃÎÑì ÃßËÑ ÑÓãíÉ æíÝÖáæä ÇÓÊÎÏÇã ÃÓãÇÁ ÇáÚÇÆáÉ áãÎÇØÈÉ ÇáäÇÓ¡ ãËá "ÇáÓíÏ ãÇÑÊíäíÒ" Ãæ "ÇáÓíÏÉ ÓßæáÊÒ."

In some countries, like Korea for example, it’s polite to use a person’s title or position with their family name.
Ýí ÈÚÖ ÇáÈáÏÇä¡ ãËá ßæÑíÇ Úáì ÓÈíá ÇáãËÇá¡ íßæä ãåÐÈÇð ÇÓÊÎÏÇã áÞÈ ÇáÔÎÕ Ãæ ãÑßÒå ãÚ ÇÓã ÇáÚÇÆáÉ.

So you’d say, for example, Teacher Park or Manager Kim.
áÐÇ íãßäß ÇáÞæá Úáì ÓÈíá ÇáãËÇá¡ ÃÓÊÇÐ ÈÇÑß¡ Ãæ ãÏíÑ ßíã.

Now moving on, the third area I want to look at is eating customs.
ÇáÂä áääÊÞá¡ ÇáãäØÞÉ ÇáËÇáËÉ ÇáÊí ÃÑíÏ ÇáäÙÑ ÅáíåÇ åí ÃÚÑÇÝ ÇáÃßá.

I don’t mean the food that people like to eat in different countries but rather some of the behaviors that are connected with eating.
áÇ ÃÚäí åäÇ ÇáØÚÇã ÇáÐí íÍÈ ÇáäÇÓ Ãä íÃßáæå Ýí ãÎÊáÝ ÇáÈáÏÇä Èá ÈÚÖ ÇáÓáæßíÇÊ ÇáãÊÚáÞÉ ÈÇáÃßá.

Um, one of these is the use of utensils.
ÃÍÏ Êáß ÇáÓáæßíÇÊ åí ÇÓÊÎÏÇã ÇáÃæÇäí.

You probably know that people in many Asian cultures use chopsticks while in the West they usually use forks, knives, and spoons.
ÇáÛÇáÈ Ãäß ÊÚáã Ãä ÇáäÇÓ Ýí ÇáÚÏíÏ ãä ÇáËÞÇÝÇÊ ÇáÂÓíæíÉ íÓÊÎÏãæä ÚíÏÇä ÇáÃßá ÇáÕíäíÉ Ýí Ííä Ãäå Ýí ÇáÛÑÈ åæ ãÚÊÇÏíä Úáì ÇÓÊÎÏÇã ÇáÔæß æÇáÓßÇßíä æÇáãáÇÚÞ.

Or for example, in parts of India, and in traditional Arab families, too, it’s customary to eat with your fingers or to use a piece of bread to scoop up food.
Ãæ Úáì ÓÈíá ÇáãËÇá¡ Ýí ãäÇØÞ ãä ÇáåäÏ¡ Ãæ ÚäÏ ÇáÚæÇÆá ÇáÚÑÈíÉ ÇáÊÞáíÏíÉ ßÐáß¡ ãä ÇáÚÑÝ ÊäÇæá ÇáØÚÇã ÈÇáÃÕÇÈÚ Ãæ ÈÇÓÊÎÏÇã ÞØÚÉ ãä ÇáÎÈÑ áÛÑÝ ÇáØÚÇã.

Another example is that in some cultures eating everything in your plate is impolite.
ãËÇá ÂÎÑ åæ Ãäå Ýí ÈÚÖ ÇáËÞÇÝÇÊ Ãßá ßá ÔíÁò Ýí ØÈÞß åæ ÃãÑ ÛíÑ ãåÐÈ.

In Egypt, for example, you should leave some food in your dish at the end of the meal in order to show that your hosts were generous and gave you more than enough to eat.
Ýí ãÕÑ Úáì ÓÈíá ÇáãËÇá Úáíß Ãä ÊÊÑß ÈÚÖ ÇáØÚÇã Ýí ØÈÞß Ýí äåÇíÉ ÉÇáæÌÈÉ ãä ÃÌá Ãä ÊÈíä Ãä ãõÖíÝæß ßÑãÇÁ æÃÚØæß ÃßËÑ ããÇ íßÝíß ãä ÇáØÚÇã.

However, people from Bolivia, in South America, expect visitors to eat everything on their plates, Americans also think clean plate mean you were satisfied with the food.
ÛíÑ Ãä ÇáäÇÓ Ýí ÈæáíÝíÇ Ýí ÃãÑíßÇ ÇáÌäæÈíÉ íÊæÞÚæä Ãä íÃßá ÇáÖíæÝ ßá ÔíÁ Ýí ÃØÈÇÞåã¡ ÇáÃãÑíßÇä ßÐáß íÚÊÞÏæä ÈÃä ÇáØÈÞ ÇáÝÇÑÛ íÚäí Ãäß ÑÇÖò Úä ÇáØÚÇã.

Finally, the last area of behavior that I want to mention today is gift giving.
ÎÊÇãÇð ÂÎÑ ãäØÞÉ ááÓáæß æÇáÊí ÃÑíÏ Ãä ÃÐßÑåÇ Çáíæã åí ÅÚØÇÁ ÇáåÏÇíÇ.

The rules of gift giving can be very complicated, and it can be embarrassing if you don’t know them.
ÞæÇÚÏ ÅÚØÇÁ ÇáåÏÇíÇ ÞÏ Êßæä ãÚÞÏÉ¡ æáÚáåÇ ÊÍÑÌß Åä áã Êßä ÊÚÑÝåÇ.

For example, in the United States, if you are invited to someone’s home for dinner, you can bring wine or flowers or a small gift from your country, but Americans generally don’t give gifts in business situations.
Úáì ÓÈíá ÇáãËÇá¡ Ýí ÇáæáÇíÇÊ ÇáãÊÍÏÉ¡ Åä ßäÊ ãÏÚæÇð áãäÒá ÃÍÏåã ááÚÔÇÁ¡ íãßäß Ãä ÊÕØÍÈ ãÚß ÎãÑÇð Ãæ æÑæÏÇð Ãæ åÏíÉ ÕÛíÑÉ ãä ÈáÏß¡ áßä ÇáÃãÑíßÇä ÈÔßá ÚÇã áÇ íÞÏãæä ÇáåÏÇíÇ Ýí ãæÇÞÝ ÇáÃÚãÇá.

On the other hand, the Japanese, like many other people in Asia, give gifts often, especially if they want to thank someone like a teacher or a doctor for their kindness.
Úáì ÇáÕÚíÏ ÇáÂÎÑ ÝÅä ÇáíÇÈÇäííä ãËáåã ãËá ÈÞíÉ ÇáäÇÓ Ýí ÂÓíÇ íÚØæä ÇáåÏÇíÇ ÚÇÏÉð¡ ÎÇÕÉ Åä ßÇäæÇ íÑíÏæä ÔßÑ ÔÎÕ ãÇ ãËá ÇáãÚáã Ãæ ÇáØÈíÈ Úáì ØíÈÊåã.

In Japan, the tradition of gift giving is very ancient, and there are detailed rules for everything from the color of the wrapping paper to the time of the gift presentation.
Ýí ÇáíÇÈÇä ÊÞÇáí ÅÚØÇÁ ÇáåÏÇíÇ ÞÏíãÉ ÌÏÇð¡ æåäÇáß ÞæÇÚÏ ÊÝÕíáíÉ áßá ÔíÁ ãä áæä æÑÞ ÇáÊÛáíÝ Åáì æÞÊ ÊÞÏíã ÇáåÏíÉ.

Another interesting fact about gift giving is that many cultures have strict rules about gifts you should not give.
æÇáÍÞíÞÉ ÇáãÏåÔÉ ÇáÃÎÑì Íæá ÅÚØÇÁ ÇáåÏÇíÇ Ãä åäÇáß ÇáÚÏíÏ ãä ÇáËÞÇÝÇÊ ÇáÊí áÏíåÇ ÞæÇÚÏ ÕÇÑãÉ Íæá ÇáåÏÇíÇ ÇáÊí áÇ íÌÈ Ãä ÊåÏíåÇ.

For example, never give yellow flowers to people from Iran, or they’ll think you hate them!
Úáì ÓÈíá ÇáãËÇá¡ áÇ ÊÚØí ÃÈÏÇð ÇáæÑæÏ ÇáÕÝÑÇÁ ááäÇÓ ãä ÅíÑÇä¡ æÅáÇ ÝÅäåã ÓíÚÊÞÏæä ÈÃäß ÊßÑååã!

So to conclude, I hope all these examples will help you to understand my main point today, which is that each culture has its own unique rules for social behavior.
áÐÇ æãä ÃÌá ÇáÎÊÇã¡ ÃÑÌæ Ãä ÊÓÇÚÏßã ßá åÐå ÇáÃãËáÉ Úáì ÇÓÊíÚÇÈ ÝßÑÊí ÇáÃÓÇÓíÉ Çáíæã¡ ÈÃä ßá ËÞÇÝÉ áåÇ ÞæÇÚÏ ÇáÎÇÕÉ æÇáÝÑíÏÉ ááÓáæß ÇáÇÌÊãÇÚí.

We should never assume that our way of doing thing is the only way or the best way.
áÇ íÌÈ ÚáíäÇ ÃÈÏÇð Ãä äÝÊÑÖ Ãä ÃÓáæÈäÇ Ýí ÝÚá ÇáÃÔíÇÁ åæ ÇáÃÓáæÈ ÇáæÍíÏ Ãæ Ãäå ÇáÃÓáæÈ ÇáÃÝÖá.

Learning about other people’s customs is part of being good international citizens.

ÊÚáã ÃÚÑÇÝ ÇáäÇÓ ÇáÂÎÑíä åæ ÌÒÁ ããÇ íÌÚáäÇ ãæÇØäíä Ïæáííä ÌíÏíä..


ááÅÓÊãÇÚ 06.rar

ÇáÊÚÏíá ÇáÃÎíÑ Êã ÈæÇÓØÉ Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ ; 2016- 3- 24 ÇáÓÇÚÉ 07:37 PM
 
ÞÏíã 2016- 3- 24   #8
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ãõÊãíÒÉ ÈÇáãÓÊæì E7
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 248282
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Sun Dec 2015
ÇáÚãÑ: 35
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 1,690
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 15824
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 66
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÛíÑ ØÇáÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ÇáÇÓÊãÇÚ æÇáÊÍÏË

Vocabulary

Chapter 1


ßáãÇÊ ãåãÉ

Sign up: to register or to join: íÓÌá
Major in: to focus or to specialize in: íÊÎÕÕ
Get a head: to succeed: íãÖí ÞõÏõãÇ
I am really into: to like or to love: íÍÈ¡ íÝÖá
Career: a profession or a job: æÙíÝÉ Ãæ ãåäÉ

###

ßáãÇÊ ÃÎÑì

Cheating: ÛÔ
Discussion: ãäÇÞÔÉ
Experiment: ÊÌÑÈÉ
Laboratory: ãÎÊÈÑ
Lecture: ãÍÇÖÑÉ
Midterm exam: ÇÎÊÈÇÑ ãäÊÕÝ ÇáÝÕá
Plagiarism: ÓÑÞÉ ÃÏÈíÉ¡ ÇäÊÍÇá
Quiz: ÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÞÕíÑ
Requirement: ãÊØáÈÇÊ
Teaching assistant: ãÓÇÚÏ ÊÏÑíÓ¡ ãÚíÏ
Term paper: ÊÞÑíÑ ÏÑÇÓí¡ æÑÞÉ ÝÕá ÏÑÇÓí¡ æÑÞÉ ÝÕáíÉ
Attend: ííÍÖÑ
Fail a course: íÑÓÈ Ýí ãÞÑÑ
Get kicked out: íØÑÏ
take notes: íÓÌá ãáÇÍÙÇÊ
Excited: ãÊÍãÓ
Ungry: ÛÇÖÈ
Uninterested: ÛíÑ ãåÊã
Worried: ÞáÞ
Surprised: ãäÏåÔ
Amused: ãÓÊãÊÚ
Bored: ÖÌöÑ
Education: ÇáÊÚáíã
Student life: ÇáÍíÇÉ ÇáØáÇÈíÉ
on a college campus: Ýí ÍÑã ÇáßáíÉ
Undergraduate: ÇáãÑÍáÉ ÇáÌÇãÚíÉ
Dormitory: Óßä ÇáØáÈÉ
Hall: ÞÇÚÉ
Fountain: äÇÝæÑÉ
Conversation: ãÍÇÏËÉ
Improve: ÊÍÓíä¡ ÊØæíÑ
Skills: ãåÇÑÇÊ
Import-Export: íæÑøÏ¡ íÕÏøÑ
Combination: ãÌãæÚÉ
Probably: Úáì ÇáÃÑÌÍ¡ ÊÞÑíÈÇð
Pre listening: ÞÈá ÇáÇÓÊãÇÚ
Discuss: íäÇÞÔ
Interested in: ãåÊã ÈÜ
Directions: ÇÊÌÇåÇÊ
Previewing: ãÚÇíäÉ
Gym: ÞÇÚÉ ÑíÇÖíÉ
Fashion designer: ãÕãã ÃÒíÇÁ
Comparing: ãÞÇÑäÉ
Reduced prononciation: äØÞ ãÕÛÑ
Academic advisor: ãÑÔÏ ÃßÇÏíãí¡ ãÓÊÔÇÑ ÃßÇÏíãí
Application: ÊØÈíÞ¡ Ãæ ØáÈ ÊÞÏíã
General introduction: ãÞÏãÉ ÚÇãÉ
Types: ÃäæÇÚ
Requirements: ãÊØáÈÇÊ
Graduate level: ãÓÊæì ÇáÊÎÑÌ
Expect: íÊæÞÚ
Based: íÓÊäÏ
Attend: íÍÖÑ
Divided: ãÞÓã
Taught: ãÊÚáã
Mention: íÔíÑ¡ íäæå¡ íÐßóÑ
Lab: ãÎÊÈÑ
Experiments: ÊÌÇÑÈ
Required: ãØáæÈ
Research: ÈÍË
Cheat: íÛÔ
Caught: íõÞÈÖ Úáíå¡ ãÞÈæÖ
Intonation: ÊäÛíã¡ Ãæ ÊÑäíã ÇáÕæÊ
Disappointed: ãÎíÈ ááÂãÇá

________________________________
Vocabulary

Chapter 2


ßáãÇÊ ãåãÉ

Slab: A messy person: ÛíÑ ãÑÊÈ¡ ÝæÖæí
Lifts a finger: To help with work: íÖÚ ÇÕÈÚÇð¡ ãÚäÇåÇ íÔÈå ÈáåÌÊäÇ: ÍØ ÅíÏß ãÚí¡ íÚäí ÓÇÚÏäí.
Bugs me: To irritate, annoy, bother: ÅÒÚÇÌ
No I can’t (make it). I have to study: To come or to go (to a particular event): áÇ ÃÓÊØíÚ ÇáãÌíÁ Ãæ ÇáÐåÇÈ áÍÏË ãÚíä.
My sister is going to (come by): To stop somewhere for a short visit: ÒíÇÑÉ ÞÕíÑÉ.
Go upstairs. It’s the first door on your right. You (can’t miss) it: To be able to see (something) easily: íãßäß ÑÄíÊåÇ ÈÓåæáÉ

###

ßáãÇÊ ÃÎÑì

Alarm: ÅäÐÇÑ
Break in: ßÓÑ
Deadbolt: äæÚ ãä ãÝÇÊíÍ ÇáÃãÇä¡ ÞÝá ÃãÇä.
Decal: ãáÕÞ
Device: ÌåÇÒ
Valuable: ÃÔíÇÁ ËãíäÉ
Thief \ Theft: ÓÇÑÞ¡ ÓÑÞÉ.
Timer: ãÄÞÊ
Break into: íÞÊÍã¡ íÓØæ
Prevent: íãäÚ
Violent: ÚäíÝ
Neighbor \ Neighborhood: ÌÇÑ¡ ÇáÌíÑÇä¡ ÇáÌíÑÉ¡ ÇáÍí
Burglar \ Burglary: ÓØæ
Robber \ Robbey: áÕ.
Statistics: ÅÍÕÇÆíÇÊ
Exterminator: ÇáÚÇãá ÇáãÓÄæá Úä ÅÈÇÏÉ ÇáÍÔÑÇÊ
Annoyed: ãäÒÚÌ
Crime: ÌÑíãÉ
Roommate: ÑÝíÞ ÇáÍÌÑÉ¡ Òãíá ÇáÛÑÝÉ
Particular event: ÍÏË ÎÇÕ
Private: ÎÇÕ¡ ãÚÒæá
Ad: ÅÚáÇä
Intersection: ãÝÊÑÞ¡ ÊÞÇØÚ ØÑÞ
Particular event: ÍÏË ÎÇÕ
Part-time: ÌÒÆí
Beside: ÈÇáÅÖÇÝÉ Åáì¡ ÈÌÇäÈ
License: ÑÎÕÉ
Get into the habit: ÊÍÕá Ýí ÇáÚÇÏÉ
Uncountable: ÛíÑ ãÚÏæÏ¡ áÇ ÊÍÕì
Protect: ÍãÇíÉ
Recently: ãÄÎÑÇ
Compared: ãÞÇÑä
Gone up: ÇÑÊÝÚÊ
Suggestions: ÇÞÊÑÇÍÇÊ
Safer: ÃßËÑ ÃãÇäÇ
Hallways: ÇáããÑÇÊ
Ignonre: ÊÌÇåá
Immediately: ÝæÑÇ
Cheap locks: ÃÞÝÇá ÑÎíÕÉ
Peaceful: åÇÏÆ¡ Óáãí
Seriously: ÈÌÏíÉ
Obvious: æÇÖÍ
Hide: íÎÝí
Trunk: ÕäÏæÞ ÇáÓíÇÑÉ¡ ÍÞíÈÉ ÇáÓíÇÑÉ
Vacation: 򯇃
Complicated: ãÚÞÏ
Repair man: ÇáãÕáÍ
Kill insects: íÞÊá ÇáÍÔÑÇÊ
Plumber: ÓÈÇß
Painter: ÏåÇä¡ ÕÈÇÛ
Architect: ãåäÏÓ ãÚãÇÑí
Cable installer: ãËÈÊ ÇáßíÈá
Carpenter: ÇáäÌÇÑ
Carpet cleaner ãäÙÝ ÇáÓÌÇÏ
Electrician: ßåÑÈÇÆí
Gardener: ÈÓÊÇäí
Phone Technician: Ýäí ÇáåÇÊÝ
Roofer: ÓÇÞÝ

_______________________________
Vocabulary
Chapter 3
ßáãÇÊ ãåãÉ
Every thing costs (an arm and a leg): A lot of money: ÇáßËíÑ ãä ÇáÃãæÇá
He can’t (make ends meet) because: To pay all one’s bill: Ãä íÓÏÏ ßá ÇáÝæÇÊíÑ¡ Ãä íáÈí ÇÍÊíÇÌÇÊå ÇáãÇÏíÉ ßáåÇ
I am broke: Without any money: ãä ÛíÑ ãÇá¡ áíÓ ÚäÏí ãÇá¡ ãÝáÓ
I am living on a budget(ãíÒÇäíÉ): A plan for how to spend one’s money each month: ÎØÉ áßíÝíÉ ÕÑÝ ÇáÃãæÇá ßá ÔåÑ
Tom has an income of $3200 a month: All the money you receive for work or any other reason: ÏÎá¡ ÇáÃãæÇá ÇáÊí ÊÍÕá ÚáíåÇ ãä ÇáÚãá Ãæ ãä Ãí ãÕÏÑ ÂÎÑ
You don’t (earn) much money as a server at a fast-food restaurant: To receive money for work: íßÓÈ¡ íÍÕá Úáì ÃãæÇá
###
ßáãÇÊ ÃÎÑì
Borrow: ÚßÓ Lend: íÞÊÑÖ¡ íÓÊÚíÑ
Entrepreneurs: ÑÌÇá ÃÚãÇá
Brilliant Idea: ÝßÑÉ ÐßíÉ¡ ÝßÑÉ áÇãÚÉ
Quality: ÌæÏÉ
Solution: Íá
Team: ÝÑíÞ
Vision: ÑÄíÉ¡ ÊÕæÑ
Found: ÃÓÓ
Hire: ÊÃÌíÑ¡ ÈÇáÃÌÑÉ
Identify: ÊÍÏíÏ
Raise capital: ÒíÇÏÉ ÑÃÓ ÇáãÇá
Take risks: ÊÍãá ÇáãÎÇØÑ
Balance: The amount of money in an account: ÑÕíÏ
Balance a checkbook: to check all payments and deposits in a checking account: ÏÝÊÑ ÔíßÇÊ
Pay off: to pay all a bills with one payment: ÓÏÇÏ
Interest: a monthly percentage that is paid on borrowed money: ÝÇÆÏÉ
Enter: to write an amount on a check or in a checkbook record: íÓÌá¡ íÏÎá
Have (something) in common: ÇáÞæÇÓã ÇáãÔÊÑßÉ
Expenses: ÇáãÕÑæÝÇÊ
Deposits: æÏÇÆÚ
Opportunities: ÝÑÕ
Insurance: ÇáÊÃãíä
Afford: íÊÍãá
Car loan: ÞÑÖ ÓíÇÑÉ
Safe deposit box: ÕäÏæÞ ÇáÃãÇäÇÊ
Financing: Êãæíá
Worth: ÞíãÉ¡ ÇÓÊÍÞÇÞ


 
ÞÏíã 2016- 3- 24   #9
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ãõÊãíÒÉ ÈÇáãÓÊæì E7
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 248282
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Sun Dec 2015
ÇáÚãÑ: 35
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 1,690
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 15824
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 66
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÛíÑ ØÇáÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ÇáÇÓÊãÇÚ æÇáÊÍÏË

Vocabulary

Chapter 4

ßáãÇÊ ãåãÉ

I’m not (in the mood) to go a movie tonight: (Not) to want (to do or to have something): áíÓ áí ãÒÇÌ
He is (supporting) his mother: To pay for (someone’s) expenses: íÏÚã¡ íÓÇÚÏ ÈÇáãÇá¡ íÏÝÚ ÇáäÝÞÇÊ
He (spends) a lot of (time) playing football: to use time (doing something): íÞÖí ÇáßËíÑ ãä ÇáæÞÊ
It was (the worst): Terrible: ÇáÃÓæá ÝÙíÚ
They (complained) about the bad food in the cafeteria: íÔÊßí

###

ßáãÇÊ ÃÎÑì

Classified ads: ÇáÅÚáÇäÇÊ ÇáãÈæÈÉ
Automation: ÇáÊÔÛíá ÇáÂáí
Economy: ÇÞÊÕÇÏ
Illness: ãÑÖ
Job market: ÓæÞ ÇáÚãá
Labor costs: ÊßÇáíÝ ÇáÚãÇáÉ
Grow by X%: íäãæ ÈäÓÈÉ Ó ÈÇáãÇÆÉ
Bottom line: ÈíÊ ÇáÞÕíÏ¡ ÎáÇÕÉ ÇáÞæá
Category: ÝÆÉ
Competition: ãäÇÝÓÉ¡ ãÓÇÈÞÉ
Health care: ÇáÚäÇíÉ ÇáÕÍíÉ¡ ÇáÑÚÇíÉ ÇáÕÍíÉ
Manufaturing: ÇáÊÕäíÚ
Rank: ÑÊÈÉ¡ ãäÒáÉ
Salary: ÑÇÊÈ
Trend: ÇÊÌÇå¡ äÒÚÉ
Architect: ãåäÏÓ ãÚãÇÑí
Computer programmer: ãÈÑãÌ ßãÈíæÊÑ
Accountant: ãÍÇÓÈ
Restaurant host: ãÖíÝ ãØÚã
Dentist: ØÈíÈ ÃÓäÇä
Police officer: ÖÇÈØ ÔÑØÉ
Receptionist: ãæÙÝ ÇÓÊÞÈÇá
Tailor: ÎíÇØ
Electrician: ßåÑÈÇÆí
Drop out: íäÓÍÈ¡ íÊÑß
Ideally: ãËÇáí
Apologizing: ÇáÇÚÊÐÇÑ
Counselor: ãÓÊÔÇÑ
Possibilities: ÅãßÇäíÇÊ
Competition: ãäÇÝÓÉ
Insurance: ÊÃãíä
Reservation: ÍÌÒ
Taxes: ÖÑÇÆÈ
Stock market: ÓæÞ ÇáÃæÑÇÞ ÇáãÇáíÉ
Typical: äãæÐÌí

________________________________


Vocabulary

Chapter 5

ßáãÇÊ ãåãÉ

I will (look into) your problem as soon as I have time: To find information about something: íÝÍÕ¡ íÊÝÍÕ
If I don’t (take off) right this minute, I’m going to miss my bus: To leave: íÛÇÏÑ
My mother is very (old-fashioned), She doesn’t like new ideas: Not modern: ØÑÇÒ ÞÏíã¡ ãæÖÉ ÞÏíãÉ
Time is (running out) for me to finish this paper. It’s due tomorrow!: To end: íäÝÏ
My mother is sick, I want to (check up on) her on my way home from work: To see if someone is OK: íØãÆä Úáì
A single Parent: One of the parent taking care of kids: íÚíÔ ãÚ ÃÍÏ ÇáæÇáÏíä

###

ßáãÇÊ ÃÎÑì

Took off: íäÕÑÝ¡ íÛÇÏÑ
To look in to: íÊÝÍÕ
Cost of living: ÊßÇáíÝ ÇáãÚíÔÉ
Volunteer: ãÊØæÚ
Life Styles: ÃäãÇØ ÇáÍíÇÉ
Check up on: íÝÍÕ
Babysitting: ãÌÇáÓÉ ÇáÃØÝÇá
Favor: ÎÏãÉ
Bring up: íÑÈí
Relatives: ÃÞÇÑÈ
Flexibility: ãÑæäÉ
Homemaker: ÑÈÉ ãäÒá
Maternity: ÃãæãÉ
Paternity: ÃÈæÉ
Opportunity: ÝÑÕÉ
Afford: ÊÍãá
Typical: äãæÐÌí
Fewer: ÃÞá
Effects: ÂËÇÑ
Opportunities: ÝÑÕ
Dramatically: ÈÔßá ßÈíÑ
Forced: ãÌÈÑ
Recently: ãÄÎÑÇ
Flextime: ÃæÞÇÊ ÇáÚãá ÇáãÑäÉ
Telecommuting: Úä ÈÚÏ
Teleworking: ÇáÚãá Úä ÈÚÏ
Trained: ãÏÑÈ
Retired person: ÔÎÕ ãÊÞÇÚÏ
Landlord: ÇáãÇáß
Fashion model: ÚÇÑÖÉ ÃÒíÇÁ
Retirement home: ÏÇÑ ááãÊÞÇÚÏíä
Divorce: ÇáØáÇÞ
Line graph: ÎØ ÇáÑÓã ÇáÈíÇäí
Wakes up: íÓÊíÞÙ
Helping me out: íÓÇÚÏ
Take care: íÚÊäí
Day care center: ãÑßÒ ÇáÚäÇíÉ ÇáÕÈÇÍíÉ
Flexibility: ÇáãÑæäÉ
Maternity leave: ÅÌÇÒÉ ÃãæãÉ
Opportunity: ÝÑÕÉ
Policy: ÓíÇÓÉ
Benefit: ÇÓÊÝÇÏÉ¡ ÝÇÆÏÉ
Can \ Can’t afford: íÓÊØíÚ Ãæ áÇ íÓÊØíÚ ÇáÊÍãá
Drop me off: ÊäÒáäí ÚäÏ ÇáãßÇä ÇáÝáÇäí
Come on in: åíÇ áÜ

_______________________________
Vocabulary

Chapter 6

ßáãÇÊ ãåãÉ

I need to (catch up on) the reading for my economic course. I was sick for two weeks, and I’m really behind: To do something necessary that you didn’t have time to do in the past: íáÍÞ ÈÜ

My teacher wrote several (comments) and question on my paper and asked me to rewrite it: An opinion of statement about something or someone: ÊÚáíÞÇÊ

Fatirna (stays in touch) with her family by phone and email: To communicate with someone regularly: íÈÞì Úáì ÇÊÕÇá

A: could you give me a ride to school tommorow? B: (No sweat): No problem or that’s easy: áÇ ãÔßáÉ¡ áÇ íæÌÏ ãÇäÚ¡ Åäå ÃãÑ ÈÓíØ¡ áÇ ÊÞáÞ

Charge: a cost or fee: Ëãä

###

ßáãÇÊ ÃÎÑì
Chopsticks: ÃÚæÇÏ ÇáÃßá ÇáÕíäíÉ
Hug: ÍÖä
Misunderstanding: ÓæÁ Ýåã
Title (of a person): áÞÈ
Utensils: ÃæÇäí ãËá ÇáãáÚÞÉ æÇáÔæßÉ
Variation: ÇÎÊáÇÝ
Illustrate: ÊæÖíÍ
Appropriate: ãáÇÆã
Embarrassing: ãÍÑÌ
Insulted: ÅåÇäÉ
Bow: ÅäÍäÇÁ
Global connections: ÇáÇÊÕÇáÇÊ ÇáÚÇáãíÉ
Customs: ÚÇÏÇÊ¡ ÃÚÑÇÝ
Blog: ãÏæäÉ
Headset: ÓãÇÚÉ ÑÃÓ
Sound card: ÈØÇÞÉ ÕæÊ
Regularly: ÈÇäÊÙÇã
Overseas: ÚÈÑ ÇáÈÍÇÑ
Intonation: ÊÑÊíá¡ ÊÑäíã¡ äÈÑÉ ÇáÕæÊ
Rising \ Falling intonation: ÇÑÊÝÇÚ åÈæØ äÈÑÉ ÇáÕæÊ
Interrupt: íÞÇØÚ¡ íÚÊÑÖ
Variation: ÇÎÊáÇÝ¡ ÊÛíÑ
Embarrassing: ãÍÑÌ¡ ãÑÈß
Contrast: ÊÈÇíä¡ ÇÎÊáÇÝ¡ ÊäÇÞÖ
Satisfied: ãÑÖí Úäå¡ ãßÊÝí
Handshake: ãÕÇÝÍÉ
Red envelope: ãÙÑæÝ ÃÍãÑ
Generous: ßÑíã
Serious: ÌÏí¡ ÎØíÑ
Strangers: ÛÑÈÇÁ
Behaviors: ÓáæßíÇÊ
Scoop up: íÛÑÝ¡ íáÊÞØ
Detailed rules: ÞæÇÚÏ ÊÝÕíáíÉ
Strict rules: ÞæÇÚÏ ÕÇÑãÉ
Blending constant: ãÒÌ ÇáÍÑæÝ ÇáÓÇßäÉ
Impolite: ÛíÑ ãåÐÈ
Friendliness: ÕÏÇÞÉ
Happiness: ÓÚÇÏÉ
Confused: ãÑÊÈß
Foolish: ÓÎíÝ¡ ÃÍãÝ
Thoughtless: ØÇÆÔ
Positive: ÇáÅíÌÇÈíÉ
Bribe: ÑÔæÉ
Treatment: ãÚÇáÌÉ
Illegal: ÛíÑ ÞÇäæäí

 
ÞÏíã 2016- 3- 24   #10
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ãõÊãíÒÉ ÈÇáãÓÊæì E7
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 248282
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Sun Dec 2015
ÇáÚãÑ: 35
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 1,690
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 15824
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 66
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÛíÑ ØÇáÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ÇáÇÓÊãÇÚ æÇáÊÍÏË

Clozes

åÐÇ Ãåã ÌÒÁº áÃä Úáíå 25 ÓÄÇẠíÚäí äÕ ÇáÇÎÊÈÇÑ.

Cloze
Chapter 1



ÇÓÊãÇÚ
Ch01Cloze.rar





Cloze
Chapter 2



ááÅÓÊãÇÚ

Ch02Cloze.rar
 
ãæÖæÚ ãÛáÞ

ãæÇÞÚ ÇáäÔÑ (ÇáãÝÖáÉ)

« ÇáãæÖæÚ ÇáÓÇÈÞ | ÇáãæÖæÚ ÇáÊÇáí »

ÇáÐíä íÔÇåÏæä ãÍÊæì ÇáãæÖæÚ ÇáÂä : 1 ( ÇáÃÚÖÇÁ 0 æÇáÒæÇÑ 1)
 

ÊÚáíãÇÊ ÇáãÔÇÑßÉ
áÇ ÊÓÊØíÚ ÅÖÇÝÉ ãæÇÖíÚ ÌÏíÏÉ
áÇ ÊÓÊØíÚ ÇáÑÏ Úáì ÇáãæÇÖíÚ
áÇ ÊÓÊØíÚ ÅÑÝÇÞ ãáÝÇÊ
áÇ ÊÓÊØíÚ ÊÚÏíá ãÔÇÑßÇÊß

BB code is ãÊÇÍÉ
ßæÏ [IMG] ãÊÇÍÉ
ßæÏ HTML ãÚØáÉ

ÇáÇäÊÞÇá ÇáÓÑíÚ

ÇáãæÇÖíÚ ÇáãÊÔÇÈåå
ÇáãæÖæÚ ßÇÊÈ ÇáãæÖæÚ ÇáãäÊÏì ãÔÇÑßÇÊ ÂÎÑ ãÔÇÑßÉ
[ ãÍÊæì ãÞÑÑ ] : áæ ÓãÍÊæ ØáÈ ÈÎÕæÕ ÇáÇÓÊãÇÚ æÇáÊÍÏË mayssa E4 2 2016- 3- 1 01:33 AM
[ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÌãÇÚíÉ ] : ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ãÇÏÉ ÇáÇÓÊãÇÚ æÇáÊÍÏË 1 meedo13 E4 7 2015- 12- 16 03:07 AM


All times are GMT +3. ÇáæÞÊ ÇáÂä ÍÓÈ ÊæÞíÊ ÇáÓÚæÏíÉ: 06:27 AM.


Powered by vBulletin® Version 3.8.7, Copyright ©2000 - 2024, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd. ÌÇãÚÉ Çáãáß ÇáÝíÕá,ÌÇãÚÉ ÇáÏãÇã
ÇáãæÇÖíÚ æÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ Ýí ÇáãáÊÞì ÊãËá ÇÕÍÇÈåÇ.
íæÌÏ Ýí ÇáãáÊÞì ÊØæíÑ æÈÑãÌíÇÊ ÎÇÕÉ ÍÞæÞåÇ ÎÇÕÉ ÈÇáãáÊÞì
ãáÊÒãæä ÈÍÐÝ Çí ãÇÏÉ ÝíåÇ ÇäÊåÇß ááÍÞæÞ ÇáÝßÑíÉ ÈÔÑØ ãÑÇÓáÊäÇ ãä ãÇáß ÇáãÇÏÉ Çæ æßíá Úäå