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| E6 English Literature Students Level six Forum |
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ÃÏæÇÊ ÇáãæÖæÚ |
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#1
2014- 5- 4
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ãÐÇßÑå ÓÑíÚå ááÑæÇíå ÇáÍÏíËå æÝÇáßã a+
ÓáÇã Çááå íÛÔÇßã
Çááí ãÇ ÐÇßÑ ÇáãÇÏÉ íãÏíå íÇÎÐ ÝíåÇ B ÈÓ ÇÞÑà ÇáÊÇáí åÐí ÑÇÍ íÌíÈ ãäåÇ ÇáÏßÊæÑ áÃäí ÇÎÐÊ ÚäÏå ãÇÏÊíä ÞÈá æÇÚÑÝ ØÑíÞÊå - ãÚäì ßáãÉ Verisimilitude - Ãæá ÑæÇíÉ ÇæÑæÈíÉ Don Quixote ÓäÉ 1605 ááßÇÊÈ Miguel de Cervantes - Çæá ÑæÇíÉ ÇæÑæÈíÉ ÊÇÑíÎíÉ The Princess of Cleves ÓäÉ 1678 ááßÇÊÈÉ Madame de Lafayette - Ãæá ßÇÊÈÉ ÇäÌáíÒíÉ Aphra Behn - ãËÇá ááÑæÇíÉ ÇáÊÔÑÏíÉ "Picaresque" ÑæÇíÉ On the Road ááßÇÊÈ Jack Kerouac - ãËÇá ááÑæÇíÉ ÇáÑÓÇÆáíÉ "Epistolary" ÑæÇíÉ The Color Purple ááßÇÊÈÉ Alice Walker - ãËÇá ááÑæÇíÉ ÇáÊí ÊÍßí Úä ÇáÃÎáÇÞ "Manners" ÑæÇíÉ Jane Austen - ãËÇá ááÑæÇíÇÊ ÇáÓæÏÇæíÉ "Gothic" ÑæÇíÉ Castle of Otranto æÇÔåÑ ÑæÇíÉ åí Frankenstein ááßÇÊÈÉ Mary Shelley æåí Çæá ÑæÇíÉ ÎíÇá Úáãí (Science Fiction) - ãËÇá ááÑæÇíÇÊ ÇáÚÇØÝíÉ "Sentiment" ÑæÇíÉ Tristam Shandy ááßÇÊÈ Laurence Sterne - ãËÇá ááÑæÇíÇÊ ÇáÊÇÑíÎíÉ "Historical Novels"ÑæÇíÉ The Waverly Novels ááßÇÊÈ Sir Walter Scott (æåæ ÇÈ åÐå ÇáäæÚ ãä ÇáÑæÇíÇÊ) - ÓíÏ ÇáäËÑ æÇáÑæÇíÇÊ Úáì ÇáÅØáÇÞ Daniel Defoe ÕÇÍÈ ÑæÇíÉ Robinson Crusoe ßÊÈåÇ Ýí 1719 - ãËÇá ááæÇÞÚíÉ ÇáÅÌÊãÇÚíÉ "Social Realism" ÑæÇíÉ Hard Times áÜ Charles Dickens - ÇÔåÑ ãä ßÊÈ Úä ÇáÝÞÑ æÇáÝÞÑÇÁ Charles Dickens - ÑæøÇÏ ÇáÑæÇíÉ ÇáÅäÌáíÒíÉ Samuel Richardson æ Henry Fielding - ÑæøÇÏ ÇáÃÏÈ ÇáÑæÓí "Russian Novel" åãÇ Leo Tolstoy æ Fyodor Dostoevsky - ÇÓÈÇÈ ÙåÑ ÇáÑæÇíÉ ßÇä ÈÓÈÈ ÊØæÑ ÇáØÈÇÚÉ æÈÓÈÈ ÙåæÑ ÇáØÈÞÉ ÇáæÓØì When the novel appeared in the 18th century, it was not considered a literary genre áã ÊõÚÊÈÑ ÇáÑæÇíÉ ãä ÇáÃÏÈ Ýí ÇáÞÑä ÇáÜ18 Defoe did not write his first novel, Robinson Crusoe, until he was 59 Defoe published his first novel, Robinson Crusoe, in 1719, when he was around 60 years old. ßÊÈ Daniel Defoe ÑæÇíÉ ÑæÈäÓæä ßÑæÒæ ÈÚãÑ 59 æäÔÑåÇ æåæ ÈÚãÑ 60 ÚÇã 1719 æßÊÈ ÑæÇíÉ ãæá ÝáÇäÏÑ Ýí 1722 Daniel Defoe Born in 1660 in London ãæáæÏ Ýí áäÏä 1660 He witnessed two of the greatest disasters of the seventeenth century: a recurrence of the plague and the Great Fire of London in 1666. ÔåÏ ÇÚÙã ÍÏËíä æåãÇ ÚæÏÉ ãÑÖ ÇáØÇÚæä æÍÑíÞ áäÏä ÇáÚÙíã Ýí 1666 He was an excellent student, but as a Presbyterian, he was forbidden to attend Oxford or Cambridge. He entered a dissenting institution called Morton’s Academy ßÇä ØÇáÈ ããÊÇÒ áßä Êã ÍÑãÇäå ãä ÇáÏÎæá áÌÇãÚÉ ÇßÓÝæÑÏ æßÇãÈÑíÏÌ áÃÓÈÇÈ ÏíäíÉ æÏÎá ÇßÇÏíãíÉ ãæÑÊæä He worked as a merchant, a poet, a journalist, a politician and even as a spy, and wrote around 500 books Úãá ßÊÇÌÑ æÔÇÚÑ æÕÍÝí æÓíÇÓí æÍÊì Úãá ßÌÇÓæÓ æßÊÈ 500 ßÊÇÈ Moll Flanders, the story of a tough, streetwise heroine whose fortunes rise and fall dramatically. ÑæÇíÊå ÇáËÇäíÉ ãæá ÝáÇäÏÑ ßÇäÊ ãä ÈØæáÉ ÔÎÕ ãÊÍÐáÞ ÕÚÈ ÇáãÑÇÓ... ÍÙæÙå Ýí ÇáÍíÇÉ ÊÑÊÝÚ æÊäÎÝÖ ÈÔßá ãáÍæÙ Defoe died in London on April 24, 1731, of a fatal “lethargy” ãÇÊ ÇáßÇÊÈ Defoe Ýí áäÏä ÈÓÈÈ lethargy Ãæ ÇáÅÚíÇÁ ------------------- Robinson Crusoe Before the end of the year, this first volume had run through four editions. ÞÈá ÇäÊåÇÁ ÇáÓäÉ ßÇäÊ ááÑæÇíÉ 4 ÇÕÏÇÑÇÊ By the end of the 19th century, no book in the history of Western literature had had more editions, spin-offs and translations than Robinson Crusoe, with more than 700 such alternative versions, including children's versions with mainly pictures and no text. ÚäÏ äåÇíÉ ÇáÞÑä 19 áã íÕá Çí ßÊÇÈ áãÇ æÕáÊ áå ÑæÇíÉ ÑæÈäÓæä ßÑæÒæ ÍíË ÕÏÑÊ 700 ÇÕÏÇÑ ãäåÇ æÊã ÊÑÌãÊåÇ ááÛÇÊ ßËíÑÉ æÍÊì ßÇäÊ ãÕæÑÉ ááÃØÝÇá ÈÏæä ßáãÇÊ The term "Robinsonade" was coined to describe the genre of stories similar to Robinson Crusoe. ßáãÉ Robinsonade Êã ÇÓÊÍÏÇËåÇ áßá ÇáÑæÇíÇÊ ÇáÊí ßÇäÊ Úáì äãØ ÑæÈäÓæä ßÑæÒæ Robinson Crusoe is the true symbol of the British conquest ÑæÈäÓæä ßÑæÒæ åæ ÑãÒ ÍÞíÞí ááÇÍÊáÇá ÇáÈÑíØÇäí Crusoe represents the “enlightened European.” Friday is the “savage” ßÑæÒæ íãËøá ÇæÑæÈÇ ÇáäíøÑÉ ÈíäãÇ ÝÑÇíÏÇí íãËøá ÇáæÍÔíÉ Robinson becomes closer to God, not through listening to sermons in a church but through spending time alone amongst nature with only a Bible to read. áã íÞÊÑÈ ßÑæÒæ ãä Çááå ÈÓÈÈ ÇáæÚÙ ÇáÏíäí Èá ÈÓÈÈ ÇáÈÞÇÁ æÍíÏÇð ãÚ ÇáÅäÌíá --------------------------------- In the 1850s it was still common to find people who forbid their families from reading novels By the 1880s, the prohibition was softened Ýí ãäÊÕÝ ÇáÞÑä ÇáÜ19 ßÇä ÇáÓÇÆÏ Çä ÇáÑæÇíÉ ãÍÑãÉ Èíä ÇáÚæÇÆá... áßä Ýí ÇáÚÇã 1880 Êã ÊÎÝíÝ ÇáÍÙÑ ÚáíåÇ Why did the novel become such a dominant literary form in the Victorian period? The growth of cities, which provided bigger markets The development of overseas readership in the colonies Cheaper production costs both for paper and for print process Better distribution networks The advertising and promotion work áãÇÐÇÇÕÈÍÊ ÇáÑæÇíÉ ãåíãäÉ¿ ÇáãÏä ÇÕÈÍíÊ ßÈíÑÉ æÈÐáß ÇÕÈÍ ÓæÞ ÇáÑæÇíÉ ßÈíÑ ÊØæÑ ÇáÅÓÊÚãÇá ÝÃÕÈÍ ÇáäÇÓ íÞÑÃæäåÇ ÎÇÑÌ ÍÏæÏ ÇáÈáÇÏ ÇäÊÇÌåÇ ÇÕÈÍ ÇÑÎÕ ÈÓÈÈ ÇáØÈÇÚÉ ÊæÒíÚåÇ ÇÕÈÍ ÇÝÖá æÇáÅÚáÇä ÚäåÇ ÇÕÈÍ ÝÚøÇá Until the end of the 19th century, there were palpable demands on novel writers to make their novels have a happy ending ÍÊì ÇáÞÑä ÇáÜ19 ßÇä åäÇß ãØÇáÈ áÌÚá äåÇíÇÊ ÇáÑæÇíÇÊ ÓÚíÏÉ ÝÞÇã Dickens ÈÇáÑÖæÎ áÐáß áßä George Eliot ÑÝÖÊ Ðáß Ýí ÑæÇíÇÊåÇ The foundations of early bourgeois realism were laid by Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift ãÄÓÓæÇ ÇáÈÑÌæÇÒíÉ åãÇ ÏÇäíÇá ÏÇÝæ æ ÌæäËÇä ÓæíÝÊ ----------------------- Joseph Conrad ãæáæÏ Ýí 1857 æåæ ßÇÊÈ ÑæÇíÉ Heart of Darkness Heart of Darkness is set in the Congo at the time of the Belgian colonization æÞÚÊ ÇÍÏÇË ÑæÇíÉ "ÞáÈ ÇáÙáÇã" Ýí ÇáßæäÛæ Ýí æÞÊ ÇáÇÓÊÚãÇÑ ÇáÈáÌíßí Leopold II ßÇä ãáß ÈáÌíßÇ ÂäÐÇß ßÇä ØãÇÚ æÛíÑ æÇËÞ, ÞÇã ÈÚãá ÔÑßÉ ÞÇÈÖÉ Ýí ÇáßæäÛæ ÍíË ÞÇãÊ Êáß ÇáÔÑßÉ ÈÃÈÔÚ ÇáÃÚãÇá ÇáæÍÔíÉ ÇáÊí ÞÊáÊ ÇáãáÇííä ãä ÇáÃÝÇÑÞÉ It belonged to the man, not to the country of Belgium. It was therefore called a "crown colony." ßÇäÊ ÇáßæäÚæ áÑÌá æÇÍÏ æåæ ãáß ÈáÌíßÇ áÐáß ßÇäæ íÓãæäåÇ crown colony æßá ÇáÃãæÇá ÊÐåÈ áÌíÈÉ ÇáÎÇÕ ÓãøÇåÇ Congo Free State æËã ÇÕÈÍ ÇÓãåÇ Zaire æÇÎíÑÇð ÇÕÈÍ ÇÓãåÇ Democratic Republic of Congo ------------ An 1884 treaty signed by Stanley and the chiefs gave the chiefs a piece of cloth in exchange for all of their waterways, roads, game, fishing, mining rights, and freedom-- FOREVER. ÚÇã 1884 ÇÞíãÊ ãÚÇåÏÉ ÕáÍ Èíä ÑÆíÓ ÇáÅÍÊáÇá ÇáÈáÌíßí æÓíÏ ãä ÇáßæäÛæ ßÇä ÚÈÇÑÉ Úä ÞØÚÉ ÞãÇÔ ãÞÇÈá ßá ÇáØÑÞ ÇáãÇÆíÉ æÇáÔæÇÑÚ æÇáÕíÏ æÇáÊäÞíÈ Úä ÇáãÚÇÏä æÇáÍÑíøÉ (Åáì ÇáÃÈÏ) Leopold declared a monopoly on rubber and ivory. ÇÍÊßÑ ãáß ÈáÌíßÇ ÇáÚÇÌ æÇáãØÇØ Leopold set up a mercenary force called the Force Publique - 19,000 members, most of them Africans. They controlled Congo Free State for Leopold for 23 years between 1885 and 1908, and helped him extract rubber and ivory from the area Êã ÇÚáÇä ÞæÉ ÞæÇãåÇ 19000 ÔÎÕ ÇÓãåÇ Force Publique ÞÇãÊ ÈÇáÊÍßã ÈÇáßæäÛæ áãÏÉ 23 ÓäÉ ÈæÍÔíÉ The only difference between forced labor and slavery is that the workers in forced labor situations are not actually owned by other people. Forced labor is even worse than slavery because in slavery, the “owner” is anxious to protect his “property” and has to feed them and clothe them. In Forced labor, the worker work for free and are responsible for their own food etc. ÇáÝÑÞ Èíä ÇáÚãá ÈÇáÞæÉ æÇáÚÈæÏíÉ åæ Çä ÇáÚãá ÈÇáÞæÉ ÇáÌÈÑíÉ áÇ íæÌÏ ãä íÏÇÝÚ Úäß æÞÏ ÊãæÊ æÊãæÊ ÚÇÆáÊß áæ áã ÊÚãá æáä íÏÇÝÚ Úäß ÇÍÏ .. ÇãÇ ÇáÚÈæÏíÉ ÝÅä ãÇáß ÇáÚÈÏ íÏÇÝÚ Úäå... ÝáÐáß ÇáÚãá ÈÇáÞæÉ ÇáÌÈÑíÉ ÇÓæà ãä ÇáÚÈæÏíÉ Marlow in the novella = Joseph Conrad Kurtz in the novella = Leon Rom, head of the Force Publique ãÇÑáæ Ýí ÇáÑæÇíÉ åæ "ÌæÒíÝ ßæäÑÇÏ" ßíÑÊÒ Ýí ÇáÑæÇíÉ åæ "áíæä Ñæã" ãÞÊØÝÇÊ ãä ÇáÑæÇíÉ ÚÇáÓÑíÚ .. ÑæÇíÉ ÞáÈ ÇáÙáÇã - ÂÎÑ ßáãÇÊ Kurtz åí The Horror The Horror - ãÇÑáæÇ ÐåÈ Çáì ÎØíÈÉ Kurtz æÃÎÈÑåÇ Çä ÂÎÑ ßáãÊå ßÇä ÇÓãåÇ - ÇáÑÄæÓ ÇáãæÌæÏÉ ÚäÏ ßæÎ Kurtz áã Êßä ÇáÇ ÑÄæÓ ÈÔÑ ãÊÌåÉ äÍæ ÇáßæÎ - íÌÈ ÇáÃÎÐ ÈÇáÍÓÈÇä Çäå æáÇ ÔÎÕ ãä ÇáÃÝÇÑÞÉ ßÇä íÊÍÏË Ýí ÇáÞÕÉ Çááí ÝæÞ ßáå (ÒÈÏÉ ÇáÒÈÏÉ) æÇááí ÈíÐÇßÑåÇ ÇÖãä áå Çä ÔÇÁ Çááå B æÇÐÇ íÈí A Çæ A+ íÞÑà ÇáÑæÇíÊíä Çááí ãÚ ÇáãÇÏÉ åÐÇ ßáå ãæÌæÏ Ýí ÇáãÑÝÞÇÊ æÓáÇãÊßã |
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2014- 5- 4
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#2 |
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ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí äÜÜÔÜØ
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ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑå ÓÑíÚå ááÑæÇíå ÇáÍÏíËå æÝÇáßã a+
ÇáÝ ÔßÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
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2014- 5- 4
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#3 |
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ãÊãíÒÉ Ýí ÞÓã ÍæÇÁ
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ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑå ÓÑíÚå ááÑæÇíå ÇáÍÏíËå æÝÇáßã a+
ÇáÚÝæ ÍÈíÈÊí
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2014- 5- 4
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#4 |
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ãÊãíÒÉ ÈãáÊÞì ÇáÎÑíÌíä
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ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑå ÓÑíÚå ááÑæÇíå ÇáÍÏíËå æÝÇáßã a+
íÚØíß ÇáÚÇÝíå íÇÑÈ æíÓáã ÇíÏíäß
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2014- 5- 4
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#5 |
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ãÊãíÒÉ Ýí ÞÓã ÍæÇÁ
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ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑå ÓÑíÚå ááÑæÇíå ÇáÍÏíËå æÝÇáßã a+
Çááå íÚÇÝíßß
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2014- 5- 4
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#6 |
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ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÖÜí
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ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑå ÓÑíÚå ááÑæÇíå ÇáÍÏíËå æÝÇáßã a+
ÊÓáãí íÇ ÇÎÊí íÚØíß ÇáÚÇÝíå
ÈÅÐä Çááå ßáäÇ ÝÇáäÇ ÇáÝá ãÇÑß íÇÑÈ ÇäÇ ßãÇä ãÇÎÐå ãÇÏÊíä ãä ÞÈá ááÏßÊæÑ ÝæÒí æÇÐÇßÑ ÇáÇÓÆáå ááÇÚæÇã ÇáÓÇÈÞå æÇÌíÈ aæááå ÇáÍãÏ äÕíÍå ááÌãíÚ áÇÊäÓæä ÇÓÆáÉ ÇáÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ ÇáÓÇÈÞå áÇäæ íÌíÈ ãäåÇ ßËíííííííííííííÑ |
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2014- 5- 4
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#7 |
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ãÊãíÒÉ ÈÇáãÓÊæì ÇáÓÇÈÚ áÞÓã ÇáÅäÌáíÒí
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ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑå ÓÑíÚå ááÑæÇíå ÇáÍÏíËå æÝÇáßã a+
íÚØíß ÇáÚÇÝíå ÍÈíÈÊí ÇäÇ ÇãÓ ÔÝÊ ÇäØÈÇÚÇÊ Çááí ÞÈáäÇ ÞÇáæÇ ãÇØáÚÊ ãä Çááí ÐßÑåÇ áåã ÇíÇÏ
Çááå íæÝÞß æíæÝÞ ÇáÌãíÚ |
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2014- 5- 4
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#8 |
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ãÊãíÒÉ Ýí ÞÓã ÍæÇÁ
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ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑå ÓÑíÚå ááÑæÇíå ÇáÍÏíËå æÝÇáßã a+
È ÇáÊæÝíÞ ááÌãíÚ
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2014- 5- 4
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#9 |
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ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÐåÜÈÜí
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ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑå ÓÑíÚå ááÑæÇíå ÇáÍÏíËå æÝÇáßã a+
ÇäÊí ÏÇÆãÇ ÑÇÆÚå
ÌÒíÊí ÎíÑÇ |
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2014- 5- 4
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#10 | |
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ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ãÜÔÜÇÑß
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ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑå ÓÑíÚå ááÑæÇíå ÇáÍÏíËå æÝÇáßã a+
ÇÞÊÈÇÓ:
Çááå íÚØíßã ÇáÚÇÝíÉ ÌãíÚÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ  ÅÔ ÇáÃÓÆáÉ Åáí ÐßÑåÇ ÅíÇÏ ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ |
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ÇáãæÇÖíÚ ÇáãÊÔÇÈåå
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| ÌÇãÚÉ Çáãáß ÝíÕá -ÇáÊÚáíã Úä ÈÚÏ- ßÜáÜíÜÉ ÇáÃÏÇÈ ● | ÕÏì ÇáÍÑæÝ | ãäÊÏì ÇáÌåÇÊ ÇáãÚáäÉ æÇáÑÇÚíÉ ááãáÊÞì | 0 | 2013- 10- 13 06:11 PM |
