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| E6 English Literature Students Level six Forum |
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LinkBack | ÃÏæÇÊ ÇáãæÖæÚ |
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#1
2014- 12- 17
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ÚÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÌá Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí
äÈÛì Íá ÇáÇÓÆáÉ ÈÍÇÖÑÉ ÑÞã 9 ãÚ ÇáÔÑÍ áÇäåÇ ãåãÉ ããßä ÊÌí ÇáÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÚÇÌá ÊßÝææææææä
ÊÑßí - ÇÈæ ÎÇáÏ . æÇááå ÇáæÖÚ ãáÎÈØ |
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2014- 12- 18
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#2 |
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ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÚøÜÇá
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ÑÏ: ÚÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÌá Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí
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2014- 12- 18
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#3 |
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ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí
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ÑÏ: ÚÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÌá Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí
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2014- 12- 18
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#4 |
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ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí
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ÑÏ: ÚÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÌá Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí
ANASF Semantics and Pragmatics Instructor: Dr. Abdulrahman A. Alsayed Lecture 9-The Problem of Universals Semantics: Practical Applications- Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí: ÊØÈíÞÇÊ ÚãáíÉ In our previous lectures, we discussed a number of topics related to semantics. Ýٜ Çì ÐóÈÖÔÇÏ ÇìÛÈËÞ¡ ÈøÞÔ Èú ÚÐÏÇ Çì Çó٘ÖٞÚ Çì ÒóÚíÞÎ ì ÚóÈ ٜø Çìäí ÈóÏ. We will cover topics related to pragmatics in the coming lectures. Ðø Ú Ý٘ ÛøØٜ Çì Çó٘ÖٞÚ Çì ÒóÚíÞÎ ËÈìÌÔÇÛ ÈóÑá Ýٜ Çì ÐóÈÖÔÇÏ ÇìÞÈÏ Îò . Before we move to pragmatics, however, we will look at a number of practical exercises that will help us apply our knowledge of the theoretical aspects we have been discussing so far in this course. Úٗò Ñìá ÞÌæ à ÒøúÞæ Åìٚ ÇìÌÔÇÛ ÈóÑٞá¡ Ú Ý٘ íøÞٜ ÙøÔÍ Úíٚ ÚÐÏ ÇìÒ ÈóÓٝ ÇìÚ íóٞÎ ÇìÒٜ Ôà Èøٖ à ÑÛÈÚÐ Èø Úíٚ ÑØÌٞÞ ÚòÔÝÒ Èú ìÌ Ç٘ Êø Çì ÙúÔٝÎ ÇìÒٜ ÈøÞÔ Èú Èٕ ÏÒٚ Çٟ Ýٜ ÒٕÇ Çì ÞóÔÓ . If you need more practice, you can find more of these exercises in your reference book Semantics: A Course Book. ÅÑÇ ã Ðú ËÐÈÌÎ Åìٚ Çì ÖóٝÐ Çì ÈóóÓÚΡ ٝ äó áú à ÑÌÐ ÃãËÔ Òٕ ÇìÒÐÓٝÌÈÏ Ýٜ Úí ÇìÐáÇìÎ ìäÒÈËá ÇìÌÔÇÛ ÈóÑٞá : ãÒÈÉ Çì ÞóÔÓ. ANASF 1 Sense Relations- Binary Antonymy- ÇáËäÇÆí ÇáãÊÖÇÏ To identify binary antonyms, we can test antonymous pairs by seeing if the negative of one term is the equivalent to (or entails) the other. ÎáÇå ÓÄٝÎ ÅÑÇ antonymous ìÒÐÐٝÐ Çì ÒóÖÈÏÇÏ ÇìË ÈúÆٞΡ ٝ äó Èúú ÇÎÒÌÈÓ ÃÕ ÇٗÌ ãÈ Ýøٜ ÕòØíÎ ÇٗÏÐ Èò ٝÚÈÏå )à ٝ Øú ٛ٘ Úíٚ( Ì Îٖ ÃÎÔٙ. Thus, “dead” and “alive” are binary antonyms because if something is not dead then it must be alive. ٜٕ ÒòÖÈÏÇÏ Ë ÈúÆٞÎ áà ÅÑÇ ì ٝ Ðó ÔٜÁ áÇ ËÐ Ã ٝä " alive" " dead" ¡ äٕÒÇ Úíٚ ÞٞÐ ÇìÐٞÈÍ. Use this test to determine which of the following pairs in the exercise are binary antonyms. ÇÚÒÎÐÇ ÒٕÇ ÇáÇÎÒÌÈÓ ìÒÐÐٝÐ Ãٛ ÇáÃÕ ÇٗÌ ÇìÒÈìٞÎ Ýٜ ÈòóÓÚÎ Çì ÒóÖÈÏÇÏ ÇìË ÈúÆٞÎ. Exercise 1: Binary Antonymy Are the following pair’s binary antonyms? (1) chalk – cheese Yes / No (2) same – different Yes / No (3) copper – tin Yes / No (4) dead – alive Yes / No (5) married – unmarried Yes / No (6) love – hate Yes / No Exercise 1: Answers (1) No, if something is not chalk, it is not necessarily cheese. áÇ¡ ÅÑÇ ãÈ Èٕúß ÔٜÁ ÛٞÔ ÇìØÌÈÔٞÔ¡ ÝÅ ìٞÙ ËÈìÖÔ ÓٗÍ ÇìÌÌ .ö (2) Yes, if two things are the same, they are not different; and if they are not the same, they are different. 2( Úø ¡ñ ÅÑÇ ÔٞÆٞ ٜٕ ÝøÛ Èٖ¡ Ý ٜٖ ìٞÛÐ ÎòÒíÝΡ ÅٗÑÇ ãÈ Ðø ìٞÛÐ ٜٕ ÝøÛ Èٖ¡ Ý ٜٖ ÎòÒíÝÎ. ( (3) No (4) Yes (5) Yes 3( áÇ) 4( Úø ) 5( Úø ( (6) No, if you don’t love someone, you don’t necessarily hate him. 6( áÇ¡ ÅÑÇ ã Ðú áÇ ÑÐÊ ÔÎÕÈ Èò¡ ã Ðú áÇ ÃãÔ ì ËÈìÖÔ ÓٗÍ. ( ANASF 2 Converses- ÇáÊÖÇÏ We mentioned that if a word describes a relationship between two things (or people) and another word describes the same relationship when the two things (or people) are mentioned in the opposite order, then the two words are converses of each other. ÑãÔ Èø à ÅÑÇ ãÈ Ðø Çìäí Îó ÑÕÝ ÇìÚáÇÞÎ Ëٞ ÔٞÆٞ )à ÃÔÎÈÕ( ãٗí Îó ÃÎÔٙ ÑÕÝ ÇìÚáÇÞÎ ÝøÛ Èٖ Ú Ðú ÑãÔ Ã Ôòٝ )à ÃÔÎÈÕ ( ËÒÔÑٞÊ ÚäÛٜ¡ Ë ãí Òóٞ ÖòÈÏ Ú ËÚÖ Èٖ ÇìÌÚÖ. For example, “parent” and “child” are converses; because X is the parent of Y (one order) describes the same relationship as Y is the child of X (opposite order). ÖòÈÏÇÏ¡ Ñٗìá áà ÇáÃÕæ " child" " parent" ¡ Úíٚ ÚÌٞæ Çì ËóÈå ËÈìÒÔÑٞÊ ( X ÇË Y à Ôò ÇٗÏÐ( ٝÕÝ ÇìÚáÇÞÎ ÝøÙ ( Y ÇٗìÐ X ÇìÚäÛٜ (. Exercise 2 (A): Converses Are the following pairs of expressions converses? åá ÃÒæÇÌ ÇáÊÚÈíÑÇÊ ÇáÊÇáíÉ ãÖÇÏ (1) below – above Yes / No (2) grandparent – grandchild Yes / No (3) love – hate Yes / No (4) conceal – reveal Yes / No (5) greater than – less than Yes / No (6) own – belong to Yes / No ANASF 3 Exercise 2 (A): Answers (1) Yes, if X is below Y then Y is above X. (2) Yes (3) No (4) No (5) Yes (6) Yes Exercise 2 (B): Converses Are the following pairs of expressions converses? æٕ ÃÕ ÇٗÌ ÇìÒÚÌٞÔÇÏ ÇìÒÈìٞÎ ÖòÈÏÇÏ (1) If John bought a car from Fred, is it the case that Fred sold a car to John? Yes / No (2) Are buy and sell converses? Yes / No (3) Are borrow and lend converses? Yes / No (4) Are give and take converses? (Careful!) Yes / No (5) Are come and go converses? Yes / No Exercise 2 (B): Answers (1) Yes (2) Yes (3) Yes, if X borrows something from Y, Y lends that thing to X. (4) No, if X takes something from Y, Y does not necessarily give that thing to X (for example, X might take it without Y’s permission), so give and take are not exact converses, although they almost meet the definition. (5) No, if someone goes to the mountain, the mountain does not come to him. ANASF 4 Gradable Antonyms- ÇáãÊÖÇÏÇÊ |
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2014- 12- 18
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#5 |
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ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí
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ÑÏ: ÚÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÌá Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí
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